Parallel Algorithms
===================

.. include:: subst.rst

Element-wise expression evalution ("map")
-----------------------------------------

.. module:: pyopencl.elementwise

Evaluating involved expressions on :class:`pyopencl.array.Array` instances by
using overloaded operators can be somewhat inefficient, because a new temporary
is created for each intermediate result. The functionality in the module
:mod:`pyopencl.elementwise` contains tools to help generate kernels that
evaluate multi-stage expressions on one or several operands in a single pass.

.. autoclass:: ElementwiseKernel(context, arguments, operation, name="kernel", preamble="", options=[])

    .. method:: __call__(*args, wait_for=None)

        Invoke the generated scalar kernel. The arguments may either be scalars or
        :class:`GPUArray` instances.

        |std-enqueue-blurb|

Here's a usage example::

    import pyopencl as cl
    import pyopencl.array as cl_array
    import numpy

    ctx = cl.create_some_context()
    queue = cl.CommandQueue(ctx)

    n = 10
    a_gpu = cl_array.to_device(
            ctx, queue, numpy.random.randn(n).astype(numpy.float32))
    b_gpu = cl_array.to_device(
            ctx, queue, numpy.random.randn(n).astype(numpy.float32))

    from pyopencl.elementwise import ElementwiseKernel
    lin_comb = ElementwiseKernel(ctx,
            "float a, float *x, "
            "float b, float *y, "
            "float *z",
            "z[i] = a*x[i] + b*y[i]",
            "linear_combination")

    c_gpu = cl_array.empty_like(a_gpu)
    lin_comb(5, a_gpu, 6, b_gpu, c_gpu)

    import numpy.linalg as la
    assert la.norm((c_gpu - (5*a_gpu+6*b_gpu)).get()) < 1e-5

(You can find this example as :file:`examples/demo_elementwise.py` in the PyOpenCL
distribution.)

.. _custom-reductions:

Sums and counts ("reduce")
--------------------------

.. module:: pyopencl.reduction

.. class:: ReductionKernel(ctx, dtype_out, neutral, reduce_expr, map_expr=None, arguments=None, name="reduce_kernel", options=[], preamble="")

    Generate a kernel that takes a number of scalar or vector *arguments*
    (at least one vector argument), performs the *map_expr* on each entry of
    the vector argument and then the *reduce_expr* on the outcome of that.
    *neutral* serves as an initial value. *preamble* offers the possibility
    to add preprocessor directives and other code (such as helper functions)
    to be added before the actual reduction kernel code.

    Vectors in *map_expr* should be indexed by the variable *i*. *reduce_expr*
    uses the formal values "a" and "b" to indicate two operands of a binary
    reduction operation. If you do not specify a *map_expr*, "in[i]" -- and
    therefore the presence of only one input argument -- is automatically
    assumed.

    *dtype_out* specifies the :class:`numpy.dtype` in which the reduction is
    performed and in which the result is returned. *neutral* is specified as
    float or integer formatted as string. *reduce_expr* and *map_expr* are
    specified as string formatted operations and *arguments* is specified as a
    string formatted as a C argument list. *name* specifies the name as which
    the kernel is compiled. *options* are passed unmodified to
    :meth:`pyopencl.Program.build`. *preamble* specifies a string of code that
    is inserted before the actual kernels.

    .. method:: __call__(*args, queue=None, wait_for=None, return_event=False)

        |explain-waitfor|

        :return: the resulting scalar as a single-entry :class:`pyopencl.array.Array`
            if *return_event* is *False*, otherwise a tuple ``(scalar_array, event)``.

        .. note::

            The returned :class:`pyopencl.Event` corresponds only to part of the
            execution of the reduction. It is not suitable for profiling.

    .. versionadded: 2011.1

Here's a usage example::

    a = pyopencl.array.arange(queue, 400, dtype=numpy.float32)
    b = pyopencl.array.arange(queue, 400, dtype=numpy.float32)

    krnl = ReductionKernel(ctx, numpy.float32, neutral="0",
            reduce_expr="a+b", map_expr="x[i]*y[i]",
            arguments="__global float *x, __global float *y")

    my_dot_prod = krnl(a, b).get()

.. _custom-scan:

Prefix Sums ("scan")
--------------------

.. module:: pyopencl.scan

.. |scan_extra_args| replace:: a list of tuples *(name, value)* specifying
    extra arguments to pass to the scan procedure. *value* must be :mod:`numpy`
    sized type.
.. |preamble| replace:: A snippet of C that is inserted into the compiled kernel
    before the actual kernel function. May be used for, e.g. type definitions
    or include statements.

A prefix sum is a running sum of an array, as provided by
e.g. :mod:`numpy.cumsum`::

    >>> import numpy as np
    >>> a = [1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2]
    >>> np.cumsum(a)
    array([ 1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  7,  9, 11, 13, 15])

This is a very simple example of what a scan can do. It turns out that scans
are significantly more versatile. They are a basic building block of many
non-trivial parallel algorithms. Many of the operations enabled by scans seem
difficult to parallelize because of loop-carried dependencies.

.. seealso::

    `Prefix sums and their applications <http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.128.6230>`_, by Guy Blelloch.
        This article gives an overview of some surprising applications of scans.

    :ref:`predefined-scans`
        These operations built into PyOpenCL are realized using :class:`GenericScanKernel`.

Usage Example
^^^^^^^^^^^^^

This example illustrates the implementation of a simplified version of
:func:`pyopencl.algorithm.copy_if`,
which copies integers from an array into the (variable-size) output if they are
greater than 300::

    knl = GenericScanKernel(
            ctx, np.int32,
            arguments="__global int *ary, __global int *out",
            input_expr="(ary[i] > 300) ? 1 : 0",
            scan_expr="a+b", neutral="0",
            output_statement="""
                if (prev_item != item) out[item-1] = ary[i];
                """)

    out = a.copy()
    knl(a, out)

    a_host = a.get()
    out_host = a_host[a_host > 300]

    assert (out_host == out.get()[:len(out_host)]).all()

The value being scanned over is a number of flags indicating whether each array
element is greater than 300. These flags are computed by *input_expr*. The
prefix sum over this array gives a running count of array items greater than
300. The *output_statement* the compares `prev_item` (the previous item's scan
result, i.e. index) to `item` (the current item's scan result, i.e.
index). If they differ, i.e. if the predicate was satisfied at this
position, then the item is stored in the output at the computed index.

This example does not make use of the following advanced features also available
in PyOpenCL:

* Segmented scans

* Access to the previous item in *input_expr* (e.g. for comparisons)
  See the `implementation <https://github.com/inducer/pyopencl/blob/master/pyopencl/scan.py#L1353>`_ of :func:`unique` for an example.

Making Custom Scan Kernels
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. versionadded: 2013.1

.. autoclass:: GenericScanKernel

    .. method:: __call__(*args, allocator=None, queue=None, size=None, wait_for=None)

        *queue* and *allocator* default to the ones provided on the first
        :class:`pyopencl.array.Array` in *args*. *size* may specify the
        length of the scan to be carried out. If not given, this length
        is inferred from the first array argument passed.

        |std-enqueue-blurb|

        .. note::

            The returned :class:`pyopencl.Event` corresponds only to part of the
            execution of the scan. It is not suitable for profiling.

Debugging aids
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

.. class:: GenericDebugScanKernel

    Performs the same function and has the same interface as
    :class:`GenericScanKernel`, but uses a dead-simple, sequential scan.  Works
    best on CPU platforms, and helps isolate bugs in scans by removing the
    potential for issues originating in parallel execution.

.. _predefined-scans:

Simple / Legacy Interface
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

.. class:: ExclusiveScanKernel(ctx, dtype, scan_expr, neutral, name_prefix="scan", options=[], preamble="", devices=None)

    Generates a kernel that can compute a `prefix sum <https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/Prefix_sum>`_
    using any associative operation given as *scan_expr*.
    *scan_expr* uses the formal values "a" and "b" to indicate two operands of
    an associative binary operation. *neutral* is the neutral element
    of *scan_expr*, obeying *scan_expr(a, neutral) == a*.

    *dtype* specifies the type of the arrays being operated on. 
    *name_prefix* is used for kernel names to ensure recognizability
    in profiles and logs. *options* is a list of compiler options to use
    when building. *preamble* specifies a string of code that is
    inserted before the actual kernels. *devices* may be used to restrict
    the set of devices on which the kernel is meant to run. (defaults
    to all devices in the context *ctx*.

    .. method:: __call__(self, input_ary, output_ary=None, allocator=None, queue=None)

.. class:: InclusiveScanKernel(dtype, scan_expr, neutral=None, name_prefix="scan", options=[], preamble="", devices=None)

    Works like :class:`ExclusiveScanKernel`.

    .. versionchanged:: 2013.1
        *neutral* is now always required.

For the array `[1,2,3]`, inclusive scan results in `[1,3,6]`, and exclusive
scan results in `[0,1,3]`.

Here's a usage example::

    knl = InclusiveScanKernel(context, np.int32, "a+b")

    n = 2**20-2**18+5
    host_data = np.random.randint(0, 10, n).astype(np.int32)
    dev_data = cl_array.to_device(queue, host_data)

    knl(dev_data)
    assert (dev_data.get() == np.cumsum(host_data, axis=0)).all()

Predicated copies ("partition", "unique", ...)
----------------------------------------------

.. module:: pyopencl.algorithm

.. autofunction:: copy_if

.. autofunction:: remove_if

.. autofunction:: partition

.. autofunction:: unique

Sorting (radix sort)
--------------------

.. autoclass:: RadixSort

    .. automethod:: __call__

Building many variable-size lists
---------------------------------

.. autoclass:: ListOfListsBuilder

    .. automethod:: __call__
