  
  [1X11 [33X[0;0YAttributes and operations for semigroups[133X[101X
  
  [33X[0;0YIn this chapter we describe the methods that are available in [5XSemigroups[105X for
  determining  the  attributes of a semigroup, and the operations which can be
  applied to a semigroup.[133X
  
  
  [1X11.1 [33X[0;0YAccessing the elements of a semigroup[133X[101X
  
  [1X11.1-1 AsListCanonical[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XAsListCanonical[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XEnumeratorCanonical[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XIteratorCanonical[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X operation[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA list, enumerator, or iterator.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YWhen  the  argument  [3XS[103X  is a semigroup satisfying [2XCanUseFroidurePin[102X ([14X6.1-4[114X),
  [10XAsListCanonical[110X  returns  a  list of the elements of [3XS[103X in the order they are
  enumerated by the Froidure-Pin Algorithm. This is the same as the order used
  to   index   the   elements   of   [3XS[103X   in  [2XRightCayleyDigraph[102X  ([14X11.2-1[114X)  and
  [2XLeftCayleyDigraph[102X ([14X11.2-1[114X).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XEnumeratorCanonical[110X  and  [10XIteratorCanonical[110X  return  an  enumerator  and  an
  iterator  where the elements are ordered in the same way as [10XAsListCanonical[110X.
  Using  [10XEnumeratorCanonical[110X  or  [10XIteratorCanonical[110X will often use less memory
  than  [10XAsListCanonical[110X,  but  may  have  slightly  worse  performance  if the
  elements  of  the  semigroup are looped over repeatedly. [10XEnumeratorCanonical[110X
  returns  the  same  list as [10XAsListCanonical[110X if [10XAsListCanonical[110X has ever been
  called for [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf [3XS[103X is an acting semigroup, then the value returned by [10XAsList[110X may not equal
  the  value returned by [10XAsListCanonical[110X. [10XAsListCanonical[110X exists so that there
  is  a method for obtaining the elements of [3XS[103X in the particular order used by
  [2XRightCayleyDigraph[102X ([14X11.2-1[114X) and [2XLeftCayleyDigraph[102X ([14X11.2-1[114X).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YSee also [2XPositionCanonical[102X ([14X11.1-2[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup(Transformation([1, 3, 2]));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XAsListCanonical(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ Transformation( [ 1, 3, 2 ] ), IdentityTransformation ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIteratorCanonical(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<iterator>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XEnumeratorCanonical(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ Transformation( [ 1, 3, 2 ] ), IdentityTransformation ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Monoid([Matrix(IsBooleanMat, [[1, 0, 0],[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                                      [0, 1, 0],[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                                      [0, 1, 0]])]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<commutative monoid of 3x3 boolean matrices with 1 generator>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xit := IteratorCanonical(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<iterator>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNextIterator(it);[127X[104X
    [4X[28XMatrix(IsBooleanMat, [[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]])[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xen := EnumeratorCanonical(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<enumerator of <commutative monoid of size 2, 3x3 boolean matrices[128X[104X
    [4X[28X with 1 generator>>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xen[1];[127X[104X
    [4X[28XMatrix(IsBooleanMat, [[1, 0, 0], [0, 1, 0], [0, 0, 1]])[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XPosition(en, en[1]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X1[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XLength(en);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X2[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.1-2 PositionCanonical[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XPositionCanonical[102X( [3XS[103X, [3Xx[103X ) [32X operation[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA positive integer or [9Xfail[109X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YWhen  the argument [3XS[103X is a semigroup satisfying [2XCanUseFroidurePin[102X ([14X6.1-4[114X) and
  [3Xx[103X  is  an  element  of  [3XS[103X,  [10XPositionCanonical[110X  returns  the position of [3Xx[103X in
  [10XAsListCanonical([3XS[103X[10X)[110X    or    equivalently    the    position    of    [3Xx[103X    in
  [10XEnumeratorCanonical([3XS[103X[10X)[110X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YSee also [2XAsListCanonical[102X ([14X11.1-1[114X) and [2XEnumeratorCanonical[102X ([14X11.1-1[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := FullTropicalMaxPlusMonoid(2, 3);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<monoid of 2x2 tropical max-plus matrices with 13 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := Matrix(IsTropicalMaxPlusMatrix, [[1, 3], [2, 1]], 3);[127X[104X
    [4X[28XMatrix(IsTropicalMaxPlusMatrix, [[1, 3], [2, 1]], 3)[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XPositionCanonical(S, x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X234[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XEnumeratorCanonical(S)[234] = x;[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.1-3 Enumerate[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XEnumerate[102X( [3XS[103X[, [3Xlimit[103X] ) [32X operation[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA semigroup (the argument).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  [3XS[103X is a semigroup with representation [2XCanUseFroidurePin[102X ([14X6.1-4[114X) and [3Xlimit[103X
  is a positive integer, then this operation can be used to enumerate at least
  [3Xlimit[103X  elements  of [3XS[103X, or [10XSize([3XS[103X[10X)[110X elements if this is less than [3Xlimit[103X, using
  the Froidure-Pin Algorithm.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  the  optional  second argument [3Xlimit[103X is not given, then the semigroup is
  enumerated until all of its elements have been found.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := FullTransformationMonoid(7);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<full transformation monoid of degree 7>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XEnumerate(S, 1000);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<full transformation monoid of degree 7>[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.1-4 IsEnumerated[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XIsEnumerated[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X operation[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10Y[9Xtrue[109X or [9Xfalse[109X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf [3XS[103X is a semigroup with representation [2XCanUseFroidurePin[102X ([14X6.1-4[114X), then this
  operation  returns  [9Xtrue[109X  if  the  Froidure-Pin  Algorithm  has  been run to
  completion  (i.e.  all  of the elements of [3XS[103X have been found) and [9Xfalse[109X if [3XS[103X
  has not been fully enumerated.[133X
  
  
  [1X11.2 [33X[0;0YCayley graphs[133X[101X
  
  [1X11.2-1 RightCayleyDigraph[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XRightCayleyDigraph[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XLeftCayleyDigraph[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA digraph.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YWhen  the  argument  [3XS[103X  is a semigroup satisfying [2XCanUseFroidurePin[102X ([14X6.1-4[114X),
  [10XRightCayleyDigraph[110X  returns  the  right  Cayley  graph  of  [3XS[103X,  as a [2XDigraph[102X
  ([14XDigraphs:  Digraph[114X)  [10Xdigraph[110X  where  vertex [10XOutNeighbours(digraph)[i][j][110X is
  [10XPositionCanonical([3XS[103X[10X,  AsListCanonical([3XS[103X[10X)[i]  * GeneratorsOfSemigroup([3XS[103X[10X)[j])[110X.
  The digraph returned by [10XLeftCayleyDigraph[110X is defined analogously.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe   digraph   returned   by   this   attribute  belongs  to  the  category
  [2XIsCayleyDigraph[102X   ([14XDigraphs:  IsCayleyDigraph[114X),  the  semigroup  [3XS[103X  and  the
  generators  used  to  create  the  digraph can be recovered from the digraph
  using   [2XSemigroupOfCayleyDigraph[102X  ([14XDigraphs:  SemigroupOfCayleyDigraph[114X)  and
  [2XGeneratorsOfCayleyDigraph[102X ([14XDigraphs: GeneratorsOfCayleyDigraph[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := FullTransformationMonoid(2);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<full transformation monoid of degree 2>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XRightCayleyDigraph(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<immutable multidigraph with 4 vertices, 12 edges>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XLeftCayleyDigraph(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<immutable multidigraph with 4 vertices, 12 edges>[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  
  [1X11.3 [33X[0;0YRandom elements of a semigroup[133X[101X
  
  [1X11.3-1 Random[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XRandom[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X method[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA random element.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis  function  returns a random element of the semigroup [3XS[103X. If the elements
  of  [3XS[103X have been calculated, then one of these is chosen randomly. Otherwise,
  if  the  data  structure for [3XS[103X is known, then a random element of a randomly
  chosen  [13XR[113X-class  is  returned.  If  the  data  structure  for [3XS[103X has not been
  calculated,     then     a     short     product     (at     most     [10X2    *
  Length(GeneratorsOfSemigroup([3XS[103X[10X))[110X) of generators is returned.[133X
  
  
  [1X11.4 [33X[0;0YProperties of elements in a semigroup[133X[101X
  
  [1X11.4-1 IndexPeriodOfSemigroupElement[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XIndexPeriodOfSemigroupElement[102X( [3Xx[103X ) [32X operation[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA list of two positive integers.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  [3Xx[103X  is a semigroup element, then [10XIndexPeriodOfSemigroupElement([3Xx[103X[10X)[110X returns
  the  pair  [10X[m,  r][110X,  where [10Xm[110X and [10Xr[110X are the least positive integers such that
  [10X[3Xx[103X[10X^(m  + r) = [3Xx[103X[10X ^ m[110X. The number [10Xm[110X is known as the [13Xindex[113X of [3Xx[103X, and the number[10Xr[110X
  is known as the [13Xperiod[113X of [3Xx[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := Transformation([2, 6, 3, 5, 6, 1]);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIndexPeriodOfSemigroupElement(x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 2, 3 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xm := IndexPeriodOfSemigroupElement(x)[1];;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xr := IndexPeriodOfSemigroupElement(x)[2];;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx ^ (m + r) = x ^ m;[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := PartialPerm([0, 2, 3, 0, 5]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<identity partial perm on [ 2, 3, 5 ]>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsIdempotent(x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIndexPeriodOfSemigroupElement(x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 1, 1 ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.4-2 SmallestIdempotentPower[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XSmallestIdempotentPower[102X( [3Xx[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA positive integer.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  [3Xx[103X  is  a  semigroup element, then [10XSmallestIdempotentPower([3Xx[103X[10X)[110X returns the
  least  positive  integer  [10Xn[110X  such  that  [10X[3Xx[103X[10X^n[110X  is an idempotent. The smallest
  idempotent  power  of  [3Xx[103X  is  the  least multiple of the period of [3Xx[103X that is
  greater  than  or equal to the index of [3Xx[103X; see [2XIndexPeriodOfSemigroupElement[102X
  ([14X11.4-1[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := Transformation([4, 1, 4, 5, 1]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28XTransformation( [ 4, 1, 4, 5, 1 ] )[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSmallestIdempotentPower(x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X3[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XForAll([1 .. 2], i -> not IsIdempotent(x ^ i));[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsIdempotent(x ^ 3);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := Bipartition([[1, 2, -3, -4], [3, -5], [4, -1], [5, -2]]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<block bijection: [ 1, 2, -3, -4 ], [ 3, -5 ], [ 4, -1 ], [ 5, -2 ]>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSmallestIdempotentPower(x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X4[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XForAll([1 .. 3], i -> not IsIdempotent(x ^ i));[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := PartialPerm([]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<empty partial perm>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSmallestIdempotentPower(x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X1[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsIdempotent(x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  
  [1X11.5 [33X[0;0YOperations for elements in a semigroup[133X[101X
  
  [1X11.5-1 OneInverseOfSemigroupElement[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XOneInverseOfSemigroupElement[102X( [3XS[103X, [3Xx[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YOne inverse of an element of a semigroup.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XOneInverseOfSemigroupElement[110X  returns  one  inverse  of the element [10Xx[110X in the
  semigroup  [3XS[103X  and returns fail if this element has no inverse in [3XS[103X. [3Xx[103X in the
  semigroup [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := FullTransformationMonoid(4);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<full transformation monoid of degree 4>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xs := Transformation([2, 3, 1, 1]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28XTransformation( [ 2, 3, 1, 1 ] )[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XOneInverseOfSemigroupElement(S, s);[127X[104X
    [4X[28XTransformation( [ 3, 1, 2, 2 ] )[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xe := IdentityTransformation;[127X[104X
    [4X[28XIdentityTransformation[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XOneInverseOfSemigroupElement(S, e);[127X[104X
    [4X[28XIdentityTransformation[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XF := FreeSemigroup(1);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<free semigroup on the generators [ s1 ]>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XOneInverseOfSemigroupElement(F, F.1);[127X[104X
    [4X[28XError, the semigroup is not finite[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  
  [1X11.6 [33X[0;0YExpressing semigroup elements as words in generators[133X[101X
  
  [33X[0;0YIt  is  possible  to  express  an  element  of  a semigroup as a word in the
  generators  of that semigroup. This section describes how to accomplish this
  in [5XSemigroups[105X.[133X
  
  [1X11.6-1 EvaluateWord[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XEvaluateWord[102X( [3Xgens[103X, [3Xw[103X ) [32X operation[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA semigroup element.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  argument  [3Xgens[103X  should be a collection of generators of a semigroup and
  the  argument  [3Xw[103X should be a list of positive integers less than or equal to
  the  length  of  [3Xgens[103X. This operation evaluates the word [3Xw[103X in the generators
  [3Xgens[103X. More precisely, [10XEvaluateWord([3Xgens[103X[10X, [3Xw[103X[10X)[110X returns the equivalent of:[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[28XProduct(List(w, i -> gens[i]));[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0Ysee also [2XFactorization[102X ([14X11.6-2[114X).[133X
  
  [8Xfor elements of a semigroup[108X
        [33X[0;6YWhen  [3Xgens[103X  is  a  list  of elements of a semigroup and [3Xw[103X is a list of
        positive  integers  less  than  or  equal  to the length of [3Xgens[103X, this
        operation  returns  the  product  [10Xgens[w[1]]  *  gens[w[2]]  *  .. . *
        gens[w[n]][110X when the length of [3Xw[103X is [10Xn[110X.[133X
  
  [8Xfor elements of an inverse semigroup[108X
        [33X[0;6YWhen  [3Xgens[103X  is  a list of elements with a semigroup inverse and [3Xw[103X is a
        list  of  non-zero  integers  whose absolute value does not exceed the
        length  of [3Xgens[103X, this operation returns the product [10Xgens[AbsInt(w[1])]
        ^ SignInt(w[1]) * .. . * gens[AbsInt(w[n])] ^ SignInt(w[n])[110X where [10Xn[110X is
        the length of [3Xw[103X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YNote  that  [10XEvaluateWord([3Xgens[103X[10X,  [])[110X returns [10XOne([3Xgens[103X[10X)[110X if [3Xgens[103X belongs to the
  category              [2XIsMultiplicativeElementWithOne[102X             ([14XReference:
  IsMultiplicativeElementWithOne[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xgens := [[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([2, 4, 4, 6, 8, 8, 6, 6]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([2, 7, 4, 1, 4, 6, 5, 2]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([3, 6, 2, 4, 2, 2, 2, 8]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([4, 3, 6, 4, 2, 1, 2, 6]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([4, 5, 1, 3, 8, 5, 8, 2])];;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup(gens);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := Transformation([1, 4, 6, 1, 7, 2, 7, 6]);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xword := Factorization(S, x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 4, 2 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XEvaluateWord(gens, word);[127X[104X
    [4X[28XTransformation( [ 1, 4, 6, 1, 7, 2, 7, 6 ] )[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := SymmetricInverseMonoid(10);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := PartialPerm([2, 6, 7, 0, 0, 9, 0, 1, 0, 5]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[3,7][8,1,2,6,9][10,5][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xword := Factorization(S, x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ -2, -2, -2, -2, -3, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2, 5, 2, 5, 5, 2, 5, 2, 2, 2,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  2, -3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XEvaluateWord(GeneratorsOfSemigroup(S), word);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[3,7][8,1,2,6,9][10,5][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.6-2 Factorization[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XFactorization[102X( [3XS[103X, [3Xx[103X ) [32X operation[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA word in the generators.[133X
  
  [8Xfor semigroups[108X
        [33X[0;6YWhen  [3XS[103X is a semigroup and [3Xx[103X belongs to [3XS[103X, [10XFactorization[110X return a word
        in  the  generators of [3XS[103X that is equal to [3Xx[103X. In this case, a word is a
        list   of   positive   integers   where  an  entry  [10Xi[110X  corresponds  to
        [10XGeneratorsOfSemigroups(S)[i][110X. More specifically,[133X
  
  [4X      [32X  Example  [32X[104X
          [4X[28XEvaluateWord(GeneratorsOfSemigroup(S), Factorization(S, x)) = x;[128X[104X
        [4X[32X[104X
  
  [8Xfor inverse semigroups[108X
        [33X[0;6YWhen  [3XS[103X  is  an  inverse  semigroup  and [3Xx[103X belongs to [3XS[103X, [10XFactorization[110X
        return a word in the generators of [3XS[103X that is equal to [3Xx[103X. In this case,
        a  word is a list of non-zero integers where an entry [10Xi[110X corresponds to
        [10XGeneratorsOfSemigroup(S)[i][110X       and      [10X-i[110X      corresponds      to
        [10XGeneratorsOfSemigroup(S)[i] ^ -1[110X. As in the previous case,[133X
  
  [4X      [32X  Example  [32X[104X
          [4X[28XEvaluateWord(GeneratorsOfSemigroup(S), Factorization(S, x)) = x;[128X[104X
        [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0YNote that [10XFactorization[110X does not always return a word of minimum length; see
  [2XMinimalFactorization[102X ([14X11.6-3[114X).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YSee   also   [2XEvaluateWord[102X  ([14X11.6-1[114X)  and  [2XGeneratorsOfSemigroup[102X  ([14XReference:
  GeneratorsOfSemigroup[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xgens := [Transformation([2, 2, 9, 7, 4, 9, 5, 5, 4, 8]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X            Transformation([4, 10, 5, 6, 4, 1, 2, 7, 1, 2])];;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup(gens);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := Transformation([1, 10, 2, 10, 1, 2, 7, 10, 2, 7]);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xword := Factorization(S, x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 2, 2, 1, 2 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XEvaluateWord(gens, word);[127X[104X
    [4X[28XTransformation( [ 1, 10, 2, 10, 1, 2, 7, 10, 2, 7 ] )[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := SymmetricInverseMonoid(8);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<symmetric inverse monoid of degree 8>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := PartialPerm([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8], [7, 1, 4, 3, 2, 6]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[5,2,1,7][8,6](3,4)[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xword := Factorization(S, x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ -2, -2, -2, -2, -2, -2, 2, 4, 4, 2, 3, 2, -3, -2, -2, 3, 2, -3, -2,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  -2, 4, -3, -4, 2, 2, 3, -2, -3, 4, -3, -4, 2, 2, 3, -2, -3, 2, 2,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  3, -2, -3, 2, 2, 3, -2, -3, 4, -3, -4, 3, 2, -3, -2, -2, 3, 2, -3,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  -2, -2, 4, 3, -4, 3, 2, -3, -2, -2, 3, 2, -3, -2, -2, 3, 2, 2, 3,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  2, 2, 2, 2 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XEvaluateWord(GeneratorsOfSemigroup(S), word);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[5,2,1,7][8,6](3,4)[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := DualSymmetricInverseMonoid(6);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := S.1 * S.2 * S.3 * S.2 * S.1;[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<block bijection: [ 1, 6, -4 ], [ 2, -2, -3 ], [ 3, -5 ], [ 4, -6 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X [ 5, -1 ]>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xword := Factorization(S, x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ -2, -2, -2, -2, -2, 4, 2 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XEvaluateWord(GeneratorsOfSemigroup(S), word);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<block bijection: [ 1, 6, -4 ], [ 2, -2, -3 ], [ 3, -5 ], [ 4, -6 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X [ 5, -1 ]>[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.6-3 MinimalFactorization[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XMinimalFactorization[102X( [3XS[103X, [3Xx[103X ) [32X operation[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA minimal word in the generators.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis  operation  returns  a  minimal  length  word  in the generators of the
  semigroup  [3XS[103X  that  equals  the element [3Xx[103X. In this case, a word is a list of
  positive     integers     where     an     entry     [10Xi[110X     corresponds    to
  [10XGeneratorsOfSemigroups([3XS[103X[10X)[i][110X. More specifically,[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[28XEvaluateWord(GeneratorsOfSemigroup(S), MinimalFactorization(S, x)) = x;[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XMinimalFactorization[110X involves exhaustively enumerating [3XS[103X until the element [3Xx[103X
  is   found,   and   so  [10XMinimalFactorization[110X  may  be  less  efficient  than
  [2XFactorization[102X ([14X11.6-2[114X) for some semigroups.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YUnlike  [2XFactorization[102X  ([14X11.6-2[114X)  this operation does not distinguish between
  semigroups  and  inverse  semigroups.  See  also  [2XEvaluateWord[102X  ([14X11.6-1[114X) and
  [2XGeneratorsOfSemigroup[102X ([14XReference: GeneratorsOfSemigroup[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup(Transformation([2, 2, 9, 7, 4, 9, 5, 5, 4, 8]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([4, 10, 5, 6, 4, 1, 2, 7, 1, 2]));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<transformation semigroup of degree 10 with 2 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := Transformation([8, 8, 2, 2, 9, 2, 8, 8, 9, 9]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28XTransformation( [ 8, 8, 2, 2, 9, 2, 8, 8, 9, 9 ] )[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XFactorization(S, x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMinimalFactorization(S, x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 1, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 1 ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.6-4 NonTrivialFactorization[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNonTrivialFactorization[102X( [3XS[103X, [3Xx[103X ) [32X operation[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA non-trivial word in the generators, or [9Xfail[109X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YWhen  [3XS[103X  is  a  semigroup  and  [3Xx[103X  belongs  to  [3XS[103X,  this operation returns a
  non-trivial  word in the generators of the semigroup [3XS[103X that equals [3Xx[103X, if one
  exists.  The  definition of a word in the generators is the same as given in
  [2XFactorization[102X  ([14X11.6-2[114X)  for  semigroups  and  inverse semigroups. A word is
  non-trivial if it has length two or more.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  no non-trivial word for [3Xx[103X exists, then [3Xx[103X is an indecomposable element of
  [3XS[103X and this operation returns [9Xfail[109X; see [2XIndecomposableElements[102X ([14X11.7-6[114X).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YWhen  [3Xx[103X  does not belong to [10XGeneratorsOfSemigroup([3XS[103X[10X)[110X, any factorization of [3Xx[103X
  is  non-trivial. In this case, [10XNonTrivialFactorization[110X returns the same word
  as [2XFactorization[102X ([14X11.6-2[114X).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YSee   also   [2XEvaluateWord[102X  ([14X11.6-1[114X)  and  [2XGeneratorsOfSemigroup[102X  ([14XReference:
  GeneratorsOfSemigroup[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := Transformation([5, 4, 2, 1, 3]);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xy := Transformation([4, 4, 2, 4, 1]);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup([x, y]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<transformation semigroup of degree 5 with 2 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNonTrivialFactorization(S, x * y);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 1, 2 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XFactorization(S, x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 1 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNonTrivialFactorization(S, x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XFactorization(S, y);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 2 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNonTrivialFactorization(S, y);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xz := PartialPerm([2]);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup(z);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<commutative partial perm semigroup of rank 1 with 1 generator>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNonTrivialFactorization(S, z);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xfail[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  
  [1X11.7 [33X[0;0YGenerating sets[133X[101X
  
  [1X11.7-1 Generators[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XGenerators[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA list of generators.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XGenerators[110X returns a generating set that can be used to define the semigroup
  [3XS[103X. The generators of a monoid or inverse semigroup [3XS[103X, say, can be defined in
  several  ways,  for  example,  including  or excluding the identity element,
  including  or  not  the  inverses  of  the  generators.  [10XGenerators[110X uses the
  definition that returns the least number of generators. If no generating set
  for [3XS[103X is known, then [10XGeneratorsOfSemigroup[110X is used by default.[133X
  
  [8Xfor a group[108X
        [33X[0;6Y[10XGenerators([3XS[103X[10X)[110X   is   a   synonym   for  [2XGeneratorsOfGroup[102X  ([14XReference:
        GeneratorsOfGroup[114X).[133X
  
  [8Xfor an ideal of semigroup[108X
        [33X[0;6Y[10XGenerators([3XS[103X[10X)[110X is a synonym for [2XGeneratorsOfSemigroupIdeal[102X ([14X9.2-1[114X).[133X
  
  [8Xfor a semigroup[108X
        [33X[0;6Y[10XGenerators([3XS[103X[10X)[110X  is  a  synonym  for  [2XGeneratorsOfSemigroup[102X  ([14XReference:
        GeneratorsOfSemigroup[114X).[133X
  
  [8Xfor a monoid[108X
        [33X[0;6Y[10XGenerators([3XS[103X[10X)[110X   is   a   synonym  for  [2XGeneratorsOfMonoid[102X  ([14XReference:
        GeneratorsOfMonoid[114X).[133X
  
  [8Xfor an inverse semigroup[108X
        [33X[0;6Y[10XGenerators([3XS[103X[10X)[110X    is   a   synonym   for   [2XGeneratorsOfInverseSemigroup[102X
        ([14XReference: GeneratorsOfInverseSemigroup[114X).[133X
  
  [8Xfor an inverse monoid[108X
        [33X[0;6Y[10XGenerators([3XS[103X[10X)[110X  is  a synonym for [2XGeneratorsOfInverseMonoid[102X ([14XReference:
        GeneratorsOfInverseMonoid[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XM := Monoid([[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([1, 4, 6, 2, 5, 3, 7, 8, 9, 9]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([6, 3, 2, 7, 5, 1, 8, 8, 9, 9])]);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XGeneratorsOfSemigroup(M);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ IdentityTransformation,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 1, 4, 6, 2, 5, 3, 7, 8, 9, 9 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 6, 3, 2, 7, 5, 1, 8, 8, 9, 9 ] ) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XGeneratorsOfMonoid(M);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ Transformation( [ 1, 4, 6, 2, 5, 3, 7, 8, 9, 9 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 6, 3, 2, 7, 5, 1, 8, 8, 9, 9 ] ) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XGenerators(M);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ Transformation( [ 1, 4, 6, 2, 5, 3, 7, 8, 9, 9 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 6, 3, 2, 7, 5, 1, 8, 8, 9, 9 ] ) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup(Generators(M));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XGenerators(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ Transformation( [ 1, 4, 6, 2, 5, 3, 7, 8, 9, 9 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 6, 3, 2, 7, 5, 1, 8, 8, 9, 9 ] ) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XGeneratorsOfSemigroup(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ Transformation( [ 1, 4, 6, 2, 5, 3, 7, 8, 9, 9 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 6, 3, 2, 7, 5, 1, 8, 8, 9, 9 ] ) ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.7-2 SmallGeneratingSet[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XSmallGeneratingSet[102X( [3Xcoll[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XSmallSemigroupGeneratingSet[102X( [3Xcoll[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XSmallMonoidGeneratingSet[102X( [3Xcoll[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XSmallInverseSemigroupGeneratingSet[102X( [3Xcoll[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XSmallInverseMonoidGeneratingSet[102X( [3Xcoll[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA small generating set for a semigroup.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  attributes  [10XSmallXGeneratingSet[110X  return  a  relatively small generating
  subset  of  the  collection of elements [3Xcoll[103X, which can also be a semigroup.
  The  returned  value  of  [10XSmallXGeneratingSet[110X,  where  applicable,  has  the
  property that[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[28X      X(SmallXGeneratingSet(coll)) = X(coll);[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0Ywhere  [10XX[110X  is  any  of  [2XSemigroup[102X  ([14XReference: Semigroup[114X), [2XMonoid[102X ([14XReference:
  Monoid[114X),  [2XInverseSemigroup[102X  ([14XReference:  InverseSemigroup[114X), or [2XInverseMonoid[102X
  ([14XReference: InverseMonoid[114X).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  the  number  of generators for [3XS[103X is already relatively small, then these
  functions will often return the original generating set. These functions may
  return different results in different [5XGAP[105X sessions.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XSmallGeneratingSet[110X   returns   the   smallest  of  the  returned  values  of
  [10XSmallXGeneratingSet[110X which is applicable to [3Xcoll[103X; see [2XGenerators[102X ([14X11.7-1[114X).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YAs  neither  irredundancy,  nor  minimal  length are proven, these functions
  usually  return an answer much more quickly than [2XIrredundantGeneratingSubset[102X
  ([14X11.7-3[114X).  These  functions  can  be used whenever a small generating set is
  desired which does not necessarily needs to be minimal.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup([[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([1, 2, 3, 2, 4]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([1, 5, 4, 3, 2]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([2, 1, 4, 2, 2]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([2, 4, 4, 2, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([3, 1, 4, 3, 2]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([3, 2, 3, 4, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([4, 4, 3, 3, 5]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([5, 1, 5, 5, 3]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([5, 4, 3, 5, 2]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([5, 5, 4, 5, 5])]);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSmallGeneratingSet(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ Transformation( [ 1, 5, 4, 3, 2 ] ), Transformation( [ 3, 2, 3, 4, 1 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 5, 4, 3, 5, 2 ] ), Transformation( [ 1, 2, 3, 2, 4 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 4, 4, 3, 3, 5 ] ) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := RandomInverseMonoid(IsPartialPermMonoid, 10000, 10);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSmallGeneratingSet(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ 1 .. 10 ] -> [ 3, 2, 4, 5, 6, 1, 7, 10, 9, 8 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ 1 .. 10 ] -> [ 5, 10, 8, 9, 3, 2, 4, 7, 6, 1 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 ] -> [ 1, 6, 4, 8, 2, 10, 7, 3, 9 ] ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XM := MathieuGroup(24);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xmat := List([1 .. 1000], x -> Random(M));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XAppend(mat, [1 .. 1000] * 0);[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xmat := List([1 .. 138], x -> List([1 .. 57], x -> Random(mat)));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XR := ReesZeroMatrixSemigroup(M, mat);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XU := Semigroup(List([1 .. 200], x -> Random(R)));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<subsemigroup of 57x138 Rees 0-matrix semigroup with 100 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XLength(SmallGeneratingSet(U));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X84[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := RandomSemigroup(IsBipartitionSemigroup, 100, 4);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<bipartition semigroup of degree 4 with 96 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XLength(SmallGeneratingSet(S));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X13[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.7-3 IrredundantGeneratingSubset[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XIrredundantGeneratingSubset[102X( [3Xcoll[103X ) [32X operation[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA list of irredundant generators.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  [3Xcoll[103X  is  a  collection  of  elements of a semigroup, then this function
  returns  a  subset  [10XU[110X  of [3Xcoll[103X such that no element of [10XU[110X is generated by the
  other elements of [10XU[110X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup([[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([5, 1, 4, 6, 2, 3]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([4, 6, 3, 4, 2, 5]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([5, 4, 6, 3, 1, 3]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([2, 2, 6, 5, 4, 3]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([3, 5, 5, 1, 2, 4]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([6, 5, 1, 3, 3, 4]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([1, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1])]);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIrredundantGeneratingSubset(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ Transformation( [ 1, 3, 4, 3, 2, 1 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 2, 2, 6, 5, 4, 3 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 3, 5, 5, 1, 2, 4 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 5, 1, 4, 6, 2, 3 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 5, 4, 6, 3, 1, 3 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 6, 5, 1, 3, 3, 4 ] ) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := RandomInverseMonoid(IsPartialPermMonoid, 1000, 10);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<inverse partial perm monoid of degree 10 with 1000 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSmallGeneratingSet(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ 1 .. 10 ] -> [ 6, 5, 1, 9, 8, 3, 10, 4, 7, 2 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ 1 .. 10 ] -> [ 1, 4, 6, 2, 8, 5, 7, 10, 3, 9 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 ] -> [ 7, 5, 10, 1, 8, 4, 9, 6 ][128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ 1 .. 9 ] -> [ 4, 3, 5, 7, 10, 9, 1, 6, 8 ] ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIrredundantGeneratingSubset(last);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ 1 .. 9 ] -> [ 4, 3, 5, 7, 10, 9, 1, 6, 8 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ 1 .. 10 ] -> [ 1, 4, 6, 2, 8, 5, 7, 10, 3, 9 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ 1 .. 10 ] -> [ 6, 5, 1, 9, 8, 3, 10, 4, 7, 2 ] ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := RandomSemigroup(IsBipartitionSemigroup, 1000, 4);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<bipartition semigroup of degree 4 with 749 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSmallGeneratingSet(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <bipartition: [ 1, -3 ], [ 2, -2 ], [ 3, -1 ], [ 4, -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, 3, -2 ], [ 2, -1, -3 ], [ 4, -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, -4 ], [ 2, 4, -1, -3 ], [ 3, -2 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, -1, -3 ], [ 2, -4 ], [ 3, 4, -2 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, -2, -4 ], [ 2 ], [ 3, -3 ], [ 4, -1 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, -2 ], [ 2, -1, -3 ], [ 3, 4, -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, 3, -1 ], [ 2, -3 ], [ 4, -2, -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, -1 ], [ 2, 4, -4 ], [ 3, -2, -3 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, 3, -1 ], [ 2, -2 ], [ 4, -3, -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, 2, -2 ], [ 3, -1, -4 ], [ 4, -3 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, -2, -3 ], [ 2, -4 ], [ 3 ], [ 4, -1 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, -1 ], [ 2, 4, -3 ], [ 3, -2 ], [ -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, -3 ], [ 2, -1 ], [ 3, 4, -4 ], [ -2 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, 2, -4 ], [ 3, -1 ], [ 4, -2 ], [ -3 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, -3 ], [ 2, -4 ], [ 3, -1, -2 ], [ 4 ]> ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIrredundantGeneratingSubset(last);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <bipartition: [ 1, 2, -4 ], [ 3, -1 ], [ 4, -2 ], [ -3 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, 3, -1 ], [ 2, -2 ], [ 4, -3, -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, 3, -2 ], [ 2, -1, -3 ], [ 4, -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, -1 ], [ 2, 4, -3 ], [ 3, -2 ], [ -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, -3 ], [ 2, -1 ], [ 3, 4, -4 ], [ -2 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, -3 ], [ 2, -2 ], [ 3, -1 ], [ 4, -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, -3 ], [ 2, -4 ], [ 3, -1, -2 ], [ 4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, -2, -3 ], [ 2, -4 ], [ 3 ], [ 4, -1 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, -2, -4 ], [ 2 ], [ 3, -3 ], [ 4, -1 ]> ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.7-4 MinimalSemigroupGeneratingSet[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XMinimalSemigroupGeneratingSet[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XMinimalMonoidGeneratingSet[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XMinimalInverseSemigroupGeneratingSet[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XMinimalInverseMonoidGeneratingSet[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA minimal generating set for a semigroup.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe attribute [10XMinimalXGeneratingSet[110X returns a minimal generating set for the
  semigroup   [3XS[103X,   with   respect   to   length.   The   returned   value   of
  [10XMinimalXGeneratingSet[110X,   where  applicable,  is  a  minimal-length  list  of
  elements of [3XS[103X with the property that[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[28X      X(MinimalXGeneratingSet(S)) = S;[128X[104X
    [4X[28X    [128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [33X[0;0Ywhere  [10XX[110X  is  one  of  [2XSemigroup[102X  ([14XReference: Semigroup[114X), [2XMonoid[102X ([14XReference:
  Monoid[114X),  [2XInverseSemigroup[102X  ([14XReference:  InverseSemigroup[114X), or [2XInverseMonoid[102X
  ([14XReference: InverseMonoid[114X).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YFor  many  types  of  semigroup,  it  is  not  currently  possible to find a
  [10XMinimalXGeneratingSet[110X with the [5XSemigroups[105X package.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YSee   also   [2XSmallGeneratingSet[102X   ([14X11.7-2[114X)  and  [2XIrredundantGeneratingSubset[102X
  ([14X11.7-3[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := MonogenicSemigroup(3, 6);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMinimalSemigroupGeneratingSet(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ Transformation( [ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 6, 7, 8 ] ) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := FullTransformationMonoid(4);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMinimalSemigroupGeneratingSet(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ Transformation( [ 1, 4, 2, 3 ] ), Transformation( [ 4, 3, 1, 2 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 1, 2, 3, 1 ] ) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Monoid([[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X PartialPerm([2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 0, 6, 7]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X PartialPerm([3, 4, 5, 1, 2, 0, 0, 6])]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<partial perm monoid of rank 8 with 2 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsMonogenicMonoid(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMinimalMonoidGeneratingSet(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [8,7,6](1,2,3,4,5) ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.7-5 GeneratorsSmallest[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XGeneratorsSmallest[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA set of elements.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YFor  a  semigroup  [3XS[103X, [10XGeneratorsSmallest[110X returns the lexicographically least
  set of elements [10XX[110X such that [10XX[110X generates [3XS[103X as a semigroup, and such that [10XX[110X is
  lexicographically  ordered  and  has  the  property  that  each  [10XX[i][110X is not
  generated by [10XX[1], X[2], ..., X[i-1][110X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIt  can be difficult to find the set of generators [10XX[110X, and it might contain a
  substantial proportion of the elements of [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YTwo  semigroups  have the same set of elements if and only if their smallest
  generating sets are equal. However, due to the complexity of determining the
  [10XGeneratorsSmallest[110X,  this  is  not the method used by the [5XSemigroups[105X package
  when comparing semigroups.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Monoid([[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X Transformation([1, 3, 4, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X Transformation([2, 4, 1, 2]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X Transformation([3, 1, 1, 3]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X Transformation([3, 3, 4, 1])]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<transformation monoid of degree 4 with 4 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XGeneratorsSmallest(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ Transformation( [ 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ), Transformation( [ 1, 1, 1, 2 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 1, 1, 1, 3 ] ), Transformation( [ 1, 1, 1 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 1, 1, 2, 1 ] ), Transformation( [ 1, 1, 2, 2 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 1, 1, 3, 1 ] ), Transformation( [ 1, 1, 3, 3 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 1, 1 ] ), Transformation( [ 1, 1, 4, 1 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 1, 2, 1, 1 ] ), Transformation( [ 1, 2, 2, 1 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  IdentityTransformation, Transformation( [ 1, 3, 1, 1 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 1, 3, 4, 1 ] ), Transformation( [ 2, 1, 1, 2 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 2, 2, 2 ] ), Transformation( [ 2, 4, 1, 2 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 3, 3, 3 ] ), Transformation( [ 3, 3, 4, 1 ] ) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XT := Semigroup(Bipartition([[1, 2, 3], [4, -1], [-2], [-3], [-4]]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Bipartition([[1, -3, -4], [2, 3, 4, -2], [-1]]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Bipartition([[1, 2, 3, 4, -2], [-1, -4], [-3]]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Bipartition([[1, 2, 3, 4], [-1], [-2], [-3, -4]]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Bipartition([[1, 2, -1, -2], [3, 4, -3], [-4]]));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<bipartition semigroup of degree 4 with 5 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XGeneratorsSmallest(T);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <bipartition: [ 1, 2, 3, 4, -1, -2, -3 ], [ -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, 2, 3, 4, -1, -2 ], [ -3 ], [ -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, 2, 3, 4, -1 ], [ -2 ], [ -3 ], [ -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, 2, 3, 4, -2, -3, -4 ], [ -1 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, 2, 3, 4, -2 ], [ -1, -4 ], [ -3 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, 2, 3, 4, -2 ], [ -1 ], [ -3, -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, 2, 3, 4, -3 ], [ -1, -2 ], [ -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ], [ -1, -2, -3 ], [ -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, 2, 3, 4, -3, -4 ], [ -1 ], [ -2 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, 2, 3 ], [ 4, -1, -2, -3 ], [ -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, 2, -1, -2 ], [ 3, 4, -3 ], [ -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, -3 ], [ 2, 3, 4, -1, -2 ], [ -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, -3, -4 ], [ 2, 3, 4, -2 ], [ -1 ]> ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.7-6 IndecomposableElements[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XIndecomposableElements[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA list of elements.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  [3XS[103X  is  a semigroup, then this attribute returns the set of elements of [3XS[103X
  that  are  not  decomposable.  A  element  of [3XS[103X is [13Xdecomposable[113X if it can be
  written  as  the  product  of  two  elements  in  [3XS[103X.  An  element  of  [3XS[103X  is
  [13Xindecomposable[113X if it is not decomposable.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YSee also [2XIsSurjectiveSemigroup[102X ([14X12.1-6[114X).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YNote  that  any generating set for [3XS[103X contains each indecomposable element of
  [3XS[103X. Thus [10XIndecomposableElements([3XS[103X[10X)[110X is a subset of [10XGeneratorsOfSemigroup([3XS[103X[10X)[110X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup([[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([1, 1, 2, 3]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([1, 1, 1, 2])]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<transformation semigroup of degree 4 with 2 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := IndecomposableElements(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ Transformation( [ 1, 1, 2, 3 ] ) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsSubset(GeneratorsOfSemigroup(S), x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XT := FullTransformationMonoid(10);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<full transformation monoid of degree 10>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIndecomposableElements(T);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[  ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XB := ZeroSemigroup(IsBipartitionSemigroup, 3);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<commutative non-regular bipartition semigroup of size 3, degree 4[128X[104X
    [4X[28X with 2 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIndecomposableElements(B);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <bipartition: [ 1, 2, 3, -1 ], [ 4, -2 ], [ -3 ], [ -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <bipartition: [ 1, 2, 4, -1 ], [ 3, -2 ], [ -3 ], [ -4 ]> ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  
  [1X11.8 [33X[0;0YMinimal ideals and multiplicative zeros[133X[101X
  
  [33X[0;0YIn  this section we describe the attributes of a semigroup that can be found
  using the [5XSemigroups[105X package.[133X
  
  [1X11.8-1 MinimalIdeal[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XMinimalIdeal[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YThe minimal ideal of a semigroup.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  minimal  ideal  of  a  semigroup  is  the  least  ideal with respect to
  containment.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIt  is significantly easier to find the minimal [13XD[113X-class of a semigroup, than
  to find its [13XD[113X-classes.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YSee   also   [2XRepresentativeOfMinimalIdeal[102X  ([14X11.8-2[114X),  [2XPartialOrderOfDClasses[102X
  ([14X10.1-10[114X), [2XIsGreensLessThanOrEqual[102X ([14XReference: IsGreensLessThanOrEqual[114X), and
  [2XMinimalDClass[102X ([14X10.1-6[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup([127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([3, 4, 1, 3, 6, 3, 4, 6, 10, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([8, 2, 3, 8, 4, 1, 3, 4, 9, 7]));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMinimalIdeal(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<simple transformation semigroup ideal of degree 10 with 1 generator>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XElements(MinimalIdeal(S));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ Transformation( [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8 ] ) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := Transformation([8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8, 8]);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XD := DClass(S, x);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XForAll(GreensDClasses(S), x -> IsGreensLessThanOrEqual(D, x));[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMinimalIdeal(POI(10));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<partial perm group of rank 0>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMinimalIdeal(BrauerMonoid(6));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<simple bipartition *-semigroup ideal of degree 6 with 1 generator>[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.8-2 RepresentativeOfMinimalIdeal[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XRepresentativeOfMinimalIdeal[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XRepresentativeOfMinimalDClass[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YAn element of the minimal ideal of a semigroup.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  minimal  ideal  of  a  semigroup  is  the  least  ideal with respect to
  containment.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis  method  returns  a  representative  element  of the minimal ideal of [3XS[103X
  without  having to create the minimal ideal itself. In general, beyond being
  a  member  of  the  minimal ideal, the returned element is not guaranteed to
  have  any  special  properties.  However, the element will coincide with the
  zero element of [3XS[103X if one exists.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis  method  works particularly well if [3XS[103X is a semigroup of transformations
  or partial permutations.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YSee also [2XMinimalIdeal[102X ([14X11.8-1[114X) and [2XMinimalDClass[102X ([14X10.1-6[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := SymmetricInverseSemigroup(10);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XRepresentativeOfMinimalIdeal(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<empty partial perm>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XB := Semigroup([[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XBipartition([[1, 2], [3, 6, -2], [4, 5, -3, -4], [-1, -6], [-5]]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XBipartition([[1, -1], [2], [3], [4, -3], [5, 6, -5, -6],[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X  [-2, -4]])]);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XRepresentativeOfMinimalIdeal(B);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<bipartition: [ 1, 2 ], [ 3, 6 ], [ 4, 5 ], [ -1, -5, -6 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X [ -2, -4 ], [ -3 ]>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup(Transformation([5, 1, 6, 2, 2, 4]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([3, 5, 5, 1, 6, 2]));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XRepresentativeOfMinimalDClass(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28XTransformation( [ 5, 6, 6, 3, 3, 5 ] )[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMinimalDClass(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<Green's D-class: Transformation( [ 5, 6, 6, 3, 3, 5 ] )>[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.8-3 MultiplicativeZero[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XMultiplicativeZero[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YThe zero element of a semigroup.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XMultiplicativeZero[110X  returns the zero element of the semigroup [3XS[103X if it exists
  and   [9Xfail[109X   if   it  does  not.  See  also  [2XMultiplicativeZero[102X  ([14XReference:
  MultiplicativeZero[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup(Transformation([1, 4, 2, 6, 6, 5, 2]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([1, 6, 3, 6, 2, 1, 6]));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMultiplicativeZero(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28XTransformation( [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] )[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup(Transformation([2, 8, 3, 7, 1, 5, 2, 6]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([3, 5, 7, 2, 5, 6, 3, 8]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([6, 7, 4, 1, 4, 1, 6, 2]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([8, 8, 5, 1, 7, 5, 2, 8]));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMultiplicativeZero(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xfail[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := InverseSemigroup([127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([1, 3, 4], [5, 3, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([1, 2, 3, 4], [4, 3, 1, 2]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([1, 3, 4, 5], [2, 4, 5, 3]));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMultiplicativeZero(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<empty partial perm>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := PartitionMonoid(6);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<regular bipartition *-monoid of size 4213597, degree 6 with 4[128X[104X
    [4X[28X generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMultiplicativeZero(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xfail[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := DualSymmetricInverseMonoid(6);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<inverse block bijection monoid of degree 6 with 3 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMultiplicativeZero(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<block bijection: [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6 ]>[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.8-4 UnderlyingSemigroupOfSemigroupWithAdjoinedZero[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XUnderlyingSemigroupOfSemigroupWithAdjoinedZero[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA semigroup, or [9Xfail[109X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  [3XS[103X  is  a  semigroup  for  which the property [2XIsSemigroupWithAdjoinedZero[102X
  ([14X12.1-20[114X) is true, (i.e. [3XS[103X has a [2XMultiplicativeZero[102X ([14X11.8-3[114X) and the set [22X[3XS[103X ∖
  {  0 }[122X is a subsemigroup of [3XS[103X), then this method returns the semigroup [22X[3XS[103X ∖ {
  0 }[122X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YOtherwise,    if    [3XS[103X    is    a    semigroup   for   which   the   property
  [2XIsSemigroupWithAdjoinedZero[102X  ([14X12.1-20[114X)  is  [9Xfalse[109X,  then this method returns
  [9Xfail[109X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup([[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 6]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([2, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6])]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<transformation semigroup of degree 6 with 3 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMultiplicativeZero(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28XTransformation( [ 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6 ] )[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XG := UnderlyingSemigroupOfSemigroupWithAdjoinedZero(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<transformation semigroup of degree 5 with 2 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsGroupAsSemigroup(G);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsZeroGroup(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := SymmetricInverseMonoid(6);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMultiplicativeZero(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<empty partial perm>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XG := UnderlyingSemigroupOfSemigroupWithAdjoinedZero(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xfail[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  
  [1X11.9 [33X[0;0YGroup of units and identity elements[133X[101X
  
  [1X11.9-1 GroupOfUnits[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XGroupOfUnits[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YThe group of units of a semigroup or [9Xfail[109X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XGroupOfUnits[110X returns the group of units of the semigroup [3XS[103X as a subsemigroup
  of  [3XS[103X if it exists and returns [9Xfail[109X if it does not. Use [2XIsomorphismPermGroup[102X
  ([14X6.5-5[114X) if you require a permutation representation of the group of units.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  a semigroup [3XS[103X has an identity [10Xe[110X, then the [13Xgroup of units[113X of [3XS[103X is the set
  of those [10Xs[110X in [3XS[103X such that there exists [10Xt[110X in [3XS[103X where [10Xs*t=t*s=e[110X. Equivalently,
  the group of units is the [13XH[113X-class of the identity of [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YSee    also    [2XGreensHClassOfElement[102X   ([14XReference:   GreensHClassOfElement[114X),
  [2XIsMonoidAsSemigroup[102X  ([14X12.1-13[114X), and [2XMultiplicativeNeutralElement[102X ([14XReference:
  MultiplicativeNeutralElement[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup([127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([1, 2, 5, 4, 3, 8, 7, 6]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([1, 6, 3, 4, 7, 2, 5, 8]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([2, 1, 6, 7, 8, 3, 4, 5]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([3, 2, 3, 6, 1, 6, 1, 2]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([5, 2, 3, 6, 3, 4, 7, 4]));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSize(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X5304[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XStructureDescription(GroupOfUnits(S));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X"C2 x S4"[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := InverseSemigroup([127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10],[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X            [2, 4, 5, 3, 6, 7, 10, 9, 8, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10],[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X            [8, 2, 3, 1, 4, 5, 10, 6, 9]));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XStructureDescription(GroupOfUnits(S));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X"C8"[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := InverseSemigroup([127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([1, 3, 4], [4, 3, 5]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([1, 2, 3, 5], [3, 1, 5, 2]));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XGroupOfUnits(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xfail[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup([127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XBipartition([[1, 2, 3, -1, -3], [-2]]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XBipartition([[1, -1], [2, 3, -2, -3]]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XBipartition([[1, -2], [2, -3], [3, -1]]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XBipartition([[1], [2, 3, -2], [-1, -3]]));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XStructureDescription(GroupOfUnits(S));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X"C3"[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  
  [1X11.10 [33X[0;0YIdempotents[133X[101X
  
  [1X11.10-1 Idempotents[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XIdempotents[102X( [3Xobj[103X[, [3Xn[103X] ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA list of idempotents.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  argument  [3Xobj[103X  should  be  a  semigroup,  [13XD[113X-class, [13XH[113X-class, [13XL[113X-class, or
  [13XR[113X-class.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  the optional second argument [3Xn[103X is present and [3Xobj[103X is a semigroup, then a
  list  of  the  idempotents  in  [3Xobj[103X  of  rank [3Xn[103X is returned. If you are only
  interested  in  the  idempotents of a given rank, then the second version of
  the  function  will  probably  be  faster.  However,  if the optional second
  argument  is  present,  then  nothing is stored in [3Xobj[103X and so every time the
  function is called the computation must be repeated.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis  functions  produce  essentially  the  same  output  as the [5XGAP[105X library
  function  with  the same name; see [2XIdempotents[102X ([14XReference: Idempotents[114X). The
  main  difference  is  that  this function can be applied to a wider class of
  objects as described above.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YSee  also [2XIsRegularDClass[102X ([14XReference: IsRegularDClass[114X), [2XIsRegularGreensClass[102X
  ([14X10.3-2[114X)  [2XIsGroupHClass[102X ([14XReference: IsGroupHClass[114X), [2XNrIdempotents[102X ([14X11.10-2[114X),
  and [2XGroupHClass[102X ([14X10.4-1[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup(Transformation([2, 3, 4, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([3, 3, 1, 1]));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIdempotents(S, 1);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[  ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XAsSet(Idempotents(S, 2));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ Transformation( [ 1, 1, 3, 3 ] ), Transformation( [ 1, 3, 3, 1 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 2, 2, 4, 4 ] ), Transformation( [ 4, 2, 2, 4 ] ) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XAsSet(Idempotents(S));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ Transformation( [ 1, 1, 3, 3 ] ), IdentityTransformation,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 1, 3, 3, 1 ] ), Transformation( [ 2, 2, 4, 4 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 4, 2, 2, 4 ] ) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := Transformation([2, 2, 4, 4]);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XR := GreensRClassOfElement(S, x);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIdempotents(R);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ Transformation( [ 1, 1, 3, 3 ] ), Transformation( [ 2, 2, 4, 4 ] ) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := Transformation([4, 2, 2, 4]);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XL := GreensLClassOfElement(S, x);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XAsSet(Idempotents(L));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ Transformation( [ 2, 2, 4, 4 ] ), Transformation( [ 4, 2, 2, 4 ] ) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XD := DClassOfLClass(L);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XAsSet(Idempotents(D));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ Transformation( [ 1, 1, 3, 3 ] ), Transformation( [ 1, 3, 3, 1 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  Transformation( [ 2, 2, 4, 4 ] ), Transformation( [ 4, 2, 2, 4 ] ) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XL := GreensLClassOfElement(S, Transformation([3, 1, 1, 3]));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XAsSet(Idempotents(L));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ Transformation( [ 1, 1, 3, 3 ] ), Transformation( [ 1, 3, 3, 1 ] ) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XH := GroupHClass(D);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<Green's H-class: Transformation( [ 1, 1, 3, 3 ] )>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIdempotents(H);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ Transformation( [ 1, 1, 3, 3 ] ) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := InverseSemigroup([127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([10, 6, 3, 4, 9, 0, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([6, 10, 7, 4, 8, 2, 9, 1]));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIdempotents(S, 1);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <identity partial perm on [ 4 ]> ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIdempotents(S, 0);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[  ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.10-2 NrIdempotents[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNrIdempotents[102X( [3Xobj[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA positive integer.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis  function  returns  the number of idempotents in [3Xobj[103X where [3Xobj[103X can be a
  semigroup,  [13XD[113X-,  [13XL[113X-,  [13XH[113X-,  or  [13XR[113X-class.  If  the  actual idempotents are not
  required,   then  it  is  more  efficient  to  use  [10XNrIdempotents(obj)[110X  than
  [10XLength(Idempotents(obj))[110X  since  the  idempotents themselves are not created
  when [10XNrIdempotents[110X is called.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YSee  also  [2XIdempotents[102X  ([14XReference:  Idempotents[114X) and [2XIdempotents[102X ([14X11.10-1[114X),
  [2XIsRegularDClass[102X  ([14XReference: IsRegularDClass[114X), [2XIsRegularGreensClass[102X ([14X10.3-2[114X)
  [2XIsGroupHClass[102X ([14XReference: IsGroupHClass[114X), and [2XGroupHClass[102X ([14X10.4-1[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup(Transformation([2, 3, 4, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([3, 3, 1, 1]));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNrIdempotents(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X5[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xf := Transformation([2, 2, 4, 4]);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XR := GreensRClassOfElement(S, f);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNrIdempotents(R);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X2[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xf := Transformation([4, 2, 2, 4]);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XL := GreensLClassOfElement(S, f);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNrIdempotents(L);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X2[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XD := DClassOfLClass(L);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNrIdempotents(D);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X4[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XL := GreensLClassOfElement(S, Transformation([3, 1, 1, 3]));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNrIdempotents(L);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X2[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XH := GroupHClass(D);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNrIdempotents(H);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X1[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := InverseSemigroup([127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10],[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X             [6, 7, 2, 9, 1, 5, 3]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10],[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X            [8, 1, 9, 4, 10, 5, 6, 7]));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNrIdempotents(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X236[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xf := PartialPerm([2, 3, 7, 9, 10],[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                    [7, 2, 1, 5, 3]);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XD := DClassNC(S, f);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNrIdempotents(D);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X13[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.10-3 IdempotentGeneratedSubsemigroup[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XIdempotentGeneratedSubsemigroup[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA semigroup.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XIdempotentGeneratedSubsemigroup[110X  returns the subsemigroup of the semigroup [3XS[103X
  generated by the idempotents of [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YSee also [2XIdempotents[102X ([14X11.10-1[114X) and [2XSmallGeneratingSet[102X ([14X11.7-2[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup(Transformation([1, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([2, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([1, 2, 2]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([1, 2, 3, 5, 4]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([1, 2, 3, 7, 4, 5, 7]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([1, 2, 4, 8, 8, 3, 8, 7]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([1, 2, 8, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([7, 7, 7, 4, 5, 6, 1]));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIdempotentGeneratedSubsemigroup(S) =[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XMonoid(Transformation([1, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X       Transformation([1, 2, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X       Transformation([1, 2, 2]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X       Transformation([1, 2, 3, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X       Transformation([1, 2, 3, 2]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X       Transformation([1, 2, 3, 4, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X       Transformation([1, 2, 3, 4, 2]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X       Transformation([1, 2, 3, 4, 4]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X       Transformation([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X       Transformation([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X       Transformation([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X       Transformation([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 7]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X       Transformation([1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 6, 7]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X       Transformation([1, 2, 3, 6, 5, 6]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X       Transformation([1, 2, 3, 7, 5, 6, 7]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X       Transformation([1, 2, 8, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X       Transformation([2, 2]));[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := SymmetricInverseSemigroup(5);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<symmetric inverse monoid of degree 5>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIdempotentGeneratedSubsemigroup(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<inverse partial perm monoid of rank 5 with 5 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := DualSymmetricInverseSemigroup(5);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<inverse block bijection monoid of degree 5 with 3 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIdempotentGeneratedSubsemigroup(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<inverse block bijection monoid of degree 5 with 10 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsSemilattice(last);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  
  [1X11.11 [33X[0;0YMaximal subsemigroups[133X[101X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe   [5XSemigroups[105X   package   provides   methods  to  calculate  the  maximal
  subsemigroups  of  a  finite  semigroup,  subject  to  various conditions. A
  [13Xmaximal  subsemigroup[113X  of  a  semigroup  is  a  proper  subsemigroup that is
  contained in no other proper subsemigroup of the semigroup.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YWhen  computing  the  maximal  subsemigroups  of  a  regular Rees (0-)matrix
  semigroup  over a group, additional functionality is available. As described
  in  [GGR68],  a  maximal  subsemigroup  of  a finite regular Rees (0-)matrix
  semigroup  over  a  group  is  one of 6 possible types. Using the [5XSemigroups[105X
  package,  it  is  possible to search for only those maximal subsemigroups of
  certain types.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YA  maximal subsemigroup of such a Rees (0-)matrix semigroup [10XR[110X over a group [10XG[110X
  is either:[133X
  
  [31X1[131X   [33X[0;6Y[10X{0};[110X[133X
  
  [31X2[131X   [33X[0;6Yformed by removing [10X0[110X;[133X
  
  [31X3[131X   [33X[0;6Yformed by removing a column (a non-zero [13XL[113X-class);[133X
  
  [31X4[131X   [33X[0;6Yformed by removing a row (a non-zero [13XR[113X-class);[133X
  
  [31X5[131X   [33X[0;6Yformed by removing a set of both rows and columns;[133X
  
  [31X6[131X   [33X[0;6Yisomorphic  to a Rees (0-)matrix semigroup of the same dimensions over
        a  maximal  subgroup  of  [10XG[110X  (in  particular, the maximal subsemigroup
        intersects every [13XH[113X-class of [10XR[110X).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YNote  that  if  [10XR[110X  is  a  Rees  matrix  semigroup  then  it  has  no maximal
  subsemigroups  of types 1, 2, or 5. Only types 3, 4, and 6 are relevant to a
  Rees matrix semigroup.[133X
  
  [1X11.11-1 MaximalSubsemigroups[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XMaximalSubsemigroups[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XMaximalSubsemigroups[102X( [3XS[103X, [3Xopts[103X ) [32X operation[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YThe maximal subsemigroups of [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  [3XS[103X is a finite semigroup, then the attribute [10XMaximalSubsemigroups[110X returns
  a  list  of  the  non-empty  maximal subsemigroups of [3XS[103X. The methods used by
  [10XMaximalSubsemigroups[110X are based on [GGR68], and are described in [DMW18].[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIt is computationally expensive to search for the maximal subsemigroups of a
  semigroup,  and  so  computations involving [10XMaximalSubsemigroups[110X may be very
  lengthy.   A   substantial   amount   of  information  on  the  progress  of
  [10XMaximalSubsemigroups[110X  is  provided  through  the  info  class [2XInfoSemigroups[102X
  ([14X2.5-1[114X), with increasingly detailed information given at levels 1, 2, and 3.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe behaviour of [10XMaximalSubsemigroups[110X can be altered via the second argument
  [3Xopts[103X, which should be a record. The optional components of [3Xopts[103X are:[133X
  
  [8Xgens (a boolean)[108X
        [33X[0;6YIf  [10X[3Xopts[103X[10X.gens[110X  is [9Xfalse[109X or unspecified, then the maximal subsemigroups
        themselves  are  returned  and  not  just  generating  sets  for these
        subsemigroups.[133X
  
        [33X[0;6YIt can be more computationally expensive to return the generating sets
        for   the   maximal   subsemigroups,   than   to  return  the  maximal
        subsemigroups themselves.[133X
  
  [8Xcontain (a list)[108X
        [33X[0;6YIf  [10X[3Xopts[103X[10X.contain[110X  is  duplicate-free  list  of  elements  of  [3XS[103X,  then
        [10XMaximalSubsemigroups[110X  will  search  for the maximal subsemigroups of [3XS[103X
        which contain those elements.[133X
  
  [8XD (a [13XD[113X-class)[108X
        [33X[0;6YFor  a  maximal subsemigroup [10XM[110X of a finite semigroup [3XS[103X, there exists a
        unique  [13XD[113X-class  which  contains  the  complement  of [10XM[110X in [3XS[103X. In other
        words,  the  elements  of  [3XS[103X  which  [10XM[110X lacks are contained in a unique
        [13XD[113X-class.[133X
  
        [33X[0;6YIf  [10X[3Xopts[103X[10X.D[110X  is  a  [13XD[113X-class of [3XS[103X, then [10XMaximalSubsemigroups[110X will search
        exclusively  for  those maximal subsemigroups of [3XS[103X whose complement is
        contained in [10X[3Xopts[103X[10X.D[110X.[133X
  
  [8Xtypes (a list)[108X
        [33X[0;6Y[13XThis  option  is  relevant  only  if  [3XS[103X  is  a regular Rees (0-)matrix
        semigroup over a group.[113X[133X
  
        [33X[0;6YAs  described  at  the  start  of  this  subsection,  [14X11.11[114X, a maximal
        subsemigroup  of  a  regular Rees (0-)matrix semigroup over a group is
        one of 6 possible types.[133X
  
        [33X[0;6YIf  [3XS[103X  is  a  regular  Rees  (0-)matrix  semigroup  over  a  group and
        [10X[3Xopts[103X[10X.types[110X  is  a  subset  of [10X[1 .. 6][110X, then [10XMaximalSubsemigroups[110X will
        search for those maximal subsemigroups of [3XS[103X of the types enumerated by
        [10X[3Xopts[103X[10X.types[110X.[133X
  
        [33X[0;6YThe default value for this option is [10X[1 .. 6][110X (i.e. no restriction).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := FullTransformationSemigroup(3);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<full transformation monoid of degree 3>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMaximalSubsemigroups(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <transformation semigroup of degree 3 with 7 generators>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <transformation semigroup of degree 3 with 7 generators>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <transformation semigroup of degree 3 with 7 generators>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <transformation semigroup of degree 3 with 7 generators>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <transformation monoid of degree 3 with 5 generators> ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMaximalSubsemigroups(S,[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27Xrec(gens := true, D := DClass(S, Transformation([2, 2, 3]))));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ Transformation( [ 1, 1, 1 ] ), Transformation( [ 3, 3, 3 ] ),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      Transformation( [ 2, 2, 2 ] ), IdentityTransformation,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      Transformation( [ 2, 3, 1 ] ), Transformation( [ 2, 1 ] ) ] ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMaximalSubsemigroups(S,[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27Xrec(contain := [Transformation([2, 3, 1])]));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <transformation semigroup of degree 3 with 7 generators>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <transformation monoid of degree 3 with 5 generators> ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XR := PrincipalFactor([127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XDClass(FullTransformationMonoid(4), Transformation([2, 2])));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<Rees 0-matrix semigroup 6x4 over Group([ (2,3,4), (2,4) ])>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMaximalSubsemigroups(R, rec(types := [5],[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X  contain := [RMSElement(R, 1, (), 1),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X              RMSElement(R, 1, (2, 3), 2)]));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <subsemigroup of 6x4 Rees 0-matrix semigroup with 10 generators>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <subsemigroup of 6x4 Rees 0-matrix semigroup with 10 generators>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <subsemigroup of 6x4 Rees 0-matrix semigroup with 10 generators>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <subsemigroup of 6x4 Rees 0-matrix semigroup with 10 generators> ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.11-2 NrMaximalSubsemigroups[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNrMaximalSubsemigroups[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YThe number of maximal subsemigroups of [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  [3XS[103X  is a finite semigroup, then [10XNrMaximalSubsemigroups[110X returns the number
  of   non-empty   maximal   subsemigroups   of   [3XS[103X.   The   methods  used  by
  [10XMaximalSubsemigroups[110X are based on [GGR68], and are described in [DMW18].[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIt  can  be significantly faster to find the number of maximal subsemigroups
  of a semigroup than to find the maximal subsemigroups themselves.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YUnless  the  maximal  subsemigroups  of  [3XS[103X  are  already  known, the command
  [10XNrMaximalSubsemigroups([3XS[103X[10X)[110X  simply  calls the command [10XMaximalSubsemigroups([3XS[103X[10X,
  rec(number := true))[110X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YFor  more  information about searching for maximal subsemigroups of a finite
  semigroup  in  the [5XSemigroups[105X package, and for information about the options
  available  to  alter  the  search,  see  [2XMaximalSubsemigroups[102X  ([14X11.11-1[114X). By
  supplying  the  additional option [10X[3Xopts[103X[10X.number :=[110X [9Xtrue[109X, the number of maximal
  subsemigroups will be returned rather than the subsemigroups themselves.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := FullTransformationSemigroup(3);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<full transformation monoid of degree 3>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNrMaximalSubsemigroups(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X5[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := RectangularBand(3, 4);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNrMaximalSubsemigroups(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X7[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XR := PrincipalFactor([127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XDClass(FullTransformationMonoid(4), Transformation([2, 2])));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<Rees 0-matrix semigroup 6x4 over Group([ (2,3,4), (2,4) ])>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMaximalSubsemigroups(R, rec(number := true, types := [3, 4]));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X10[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.11-3 IsMaximalSubsemigroup[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XIsMaximalSubsemigroup[102X( [3XS[103X, [3XT[103X ) [32X operation[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10Y[9Xtrue[109X or [9Xfalse[109X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  [3XS[103X  and  [3XT[103X are semigroups, then [10XIsMaximalSubsemigroup[110X returns [9Xtrue[109X if and
  only if [3XT[103X is a maximal subsemigroup of [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YA [13Xmaximal subsemigroup[113X of [3XS[103X is a proper subsemigroup of [3XS[103X which is contained
  in no other proper subsemigroup of [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := ZeroSemigroup(2);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsMaximalSubsemigroup(S, Semigroup(MultiplicativeZero(S)));[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := FullTransformationSemigroup(4);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<full transformation monoid of degree 4>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XT := Semigroup(Transformation([3, 4, 1, 2]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([1, 4, 2, 3]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([2, 1, 1, 3]));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<transformation semigroup of degree 4 with 3 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsMaximalSubsemigroup(S, T);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XR := Semigroup(Transformation([3, 4, 1, 2]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([1, 4, 2, 2]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([2, 1, 1, 3]));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<transformation semigroup of degree 4 with 3 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsMaximalSubsemigroup(S, R);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xfalse[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  
  [1X11.12 [33X[0;0YAttributes of transformations and transformation semigroups[133X[101X
  
  [1X11.12-1 ComponentRepsOfTransformationSemigroup[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XComponentRepsOfTransformationSemigroup[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YThe representatives of components of a transformation semigroup.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis function returns the representatives of the components of the action of
  the  transformation  semigroup [3XS[103X on the set of positive integers not greater
  than the degree of [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe representatives are the least set of points such that every point can be
  reached from some representative under the action of [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup([127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([11, 11, 9, 6, 4, 1, 4, 1, 6, 7, 12, 5]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([12, 10, 7, 10, 4, 1, 12, 9, 11, 9, 1, 12]));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XComponentRepsOfTransformationSemigroup(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 2, 3, 8 ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.12-2 ComponentsOfTransformationSemigroup[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XComponentsOfTransformationSemigroup[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YThe components of a transformation semigroup.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis  function  returns  the  components of the action of the transformation
  semigroup  [3XS[103X  on the set of positive integers not greater than the degree of
  [3XS[103X; the components of [3XS[103X partition this set.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup([127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([11, 11, 9, 6, 4, 1, 4, 1, 6, 7, 12, 5]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([12, 10, 7, 10, 4, 1, 12, 9, 11, 9, 1, 12]));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XComponentsOfTransformationSemigroup(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 ] ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.12-3 CyclesOfTransformationSemigroup[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XCyclesOfTransformationSemigroup[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YThe cycles of a transformation semigroup.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis  function  returns the cycles, or strongly connected components, of the
  action of the transformation semigroup [3XS[103X on the set of positive integers not
  greater than the degree of [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup([127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([11, 11, 9, 6, 4, 1, 4, 1, 6, 7, 12, 5]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([12, 10, 7, 10, 4, 1, 12, 9, 11, 9, 1, 12]));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XCyclesOfTransformationSemigroup(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ 1, 11, 12, 5, 4, 6, 10, 7, 9 ], [ 2 ], [ 3 ], [ 8 ] ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.12-4 DigraphOfAction[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XDigraphOfAction[102X( [3XS[103X, [3Xlist[103X, [3Xact[103X ) [32X operation[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA digraph, or [9Xfail[109X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  [3XS[103X is a transformation semigroup and [3Xlist[103X is list such that [3XS[103X acts on the
  items  in  [3Xlist[103X via the function [3Xact[103X, then [10XDigraphOfAction[110X returns a digraph
  representing  the  action  of  [3XS[103X  on the items in [3Xlist[103X and any further items
  output by [10X[3Xact[103X[10X([3Xlist[103X[10X[i], [3XS[103X[10X.j)[110X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  [10X[3Xact[103X[10X([3Xlist[103X[10X[i],  [3XS[103X[10X.j)[110X  is the [10Xk[110X-th item in [3Xlist[103X, then in the output digraph
  there is an edge from the vertex [10Xi[110X to the vertex [10Xk[110X labelled by [10Xj[110X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  values  in  [3Xlist[103X  and the additional values generated are stored in the
  vertex  labels  of  the  output  digraph; see [2XDigraphVertexLabels[102X ([14XDigraphs:
  DigraphVertexLabels[114X),    and   the   edge   labels   are   stored   in   the
  [2XDigraphEdgeLabels[102X ([14XDigraphs: DigraphEdgeLabels[114X)[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe   digraph  returned  by  [10XDigraphOfAction[110X  has  no  multiple  edges;  see
  [2XIsMultiDigraph[102X ([14XDigraphs: IsMultiDigraph[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup(Transformation([2, 4, 3, 4, 7, 1, 6]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([3, 3, 2, 3, 5, 1, 5]));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<transformation semigroup of degree 7 with 2 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xlist := Concatenation(List([1 .. 7], x -> [x]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                         Combinations([1 .. 7], 2));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ 1 ], [ 2 ], [ 3 ], [ 4 ], [ 5 ], [ 6 ], [ 7 ], [ 1, 2 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ 1, 3 ], [ 1, 4 ], [ 1, 5 ], [ 1, 6 ], [ 1, 7 ], [ 2, 3 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ 2, 4 ], [ 2, 5 ], [ 2, 6 ], [ 2, 7 ], [ 3, 4 ], [ 3, 5 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ 3, 6 ], [ 3, 7 ], [ 4, 5 ], [ 4, 6 ], [ 4, 7 ], [ 5, 6 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ 5, 7 ], [ 6, 7 ] ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XD := DigraphOfAction(S, list, OnSets);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<immutable digraph with 28 vertices, 54 edges>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XOnSets([2, 5], S.1);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 4, 7 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XPosition(DigraphVertexLabels(D), [2, 5]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X16[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XDigraphVertexLabel(D, 25);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 4, 7 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XDigraphEdgeLabel(D, 16, 25);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X1[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.12-5 DigraphOfActionOnPoints[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XDigraphOfActionOnPoints[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XDigraphOfActionOnPoints[102X( [3XS[103X, [3Xn[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA digraph.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  [3XS[103X  is  a  transformation semigroup and [3Xn[103X is a non-negative integer, then
  [10XDigraphOfActionOnPoints([3XS[103X[10X,  [3Xn[103X[10X)[110X  returns  a digraph representing the [2XOnPoints[102X
  ([14XReference: OnPoints[114X) action of [3XS[103X on the set [10X[1 .. [3Xn[103X[10X][110X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf the optional argument [3Xn[103X is not specified, then by default the degree of [3XS[103X
  will  be  chosen  for  [3Xn[103X;  see  [2XDegreeOfTransformationSemigroup[102X  ([14XReference:
  DegreeOfTransformationSemigroup[114X).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  digraph  returned  by [10XDigraphOfActionOnPoints[110X has [3Xn[103X vertices, where the
  vertex  [10Xi[110X  corresponds to the point [10Xi[110X. For each point [10Xi[110X in [10X[1 .. [3Xn[103X[10X][110X, and for
  each  generator  [10Xf[110X  in  [10XGeneratorsOfSemigroup([3XS[103X[10X)[110X,  there is an edge from the
  vertex  [10Xi[110X  to  the  vertex  [10Xi  ^  f[110X.  See  [2XGeneratorsOfSemigroup[102X ([14XReference:
  GeneratorsOfSemigroup[114X) for further information.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup(Transformation([2, 4, 2, 4, 7, 1, 6]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X                  Transformation([3, 3, 2, 3, 5, 1, 5]));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<transformation semigroup of degree 7 with 2 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XD1 := DigraphOfActionOnPoints(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<immutable digraph with 7 vertices, 12 edges>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XOnPoints(2, S.1);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X4[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XD2 := DigraphOfActionOnPoints(S, 4);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<immutable digraph with 4 vertices, 7 edges>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XD2 = InducedSubdigraph(D1, [1 .. 4]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XDigraphOfActionOnPoints(S, 5);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<immutable digraph with 5 vertices, 8 edges>[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.12-6 FixedPointsOfTransformationSemigroup[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XFixedPointsOfTransformationSemigroup[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA set of positive integers.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf       [3XS[103X       is       a       transformation       semigroup,       then
  [10XFixedPointsOfTransformationSemigroup([3XS[103X[10X)[110X returns the set of points [10Xi[110X in [10X[1 ..
  DegreeOfTransformationSemigroup([3XS[103X[10X)][110X such that [10Xi ^ f = i[110X for all [10Xf[110X in [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xf := Transformation([1, 4, 2, 4, 3, 7, 7]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28XTransformation( [ 1, 4, 2, 4, 3, 7, 7 ] )[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup(f);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<commutative transformation semigroup of degree 7 with 1 generator>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XFixedPointsOfTransformationSemigroup(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 1, 4, 7 ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.12-7 IsTransitive[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XIsTransitive[102X( [3XS[103X[, [3XX[103X] ) [32X property[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XIsTransitive[102X( [3XS[103X[, [3Xn[103X] ) [32X property[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10Y[9Xtrue[109X or [9Xfalse[109X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YA  transformation semigroup [3XS[103X is [13Xtransitive[113X or [13Xstrongly connected[113X on the set
  [3XX[103X if for every [10Xi, j[110X in [3XX[103X there is an element [10Xs[110X in [3XS[103X such that [10Xi ^ s = j[110X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  the  optional second argument is a positive integer [3Xn[103X, then [10XIsTransitive[110X
  returns [9Xtrue[109X if [3XS[103X is transitive on [10X[1 .. [3Xn[103X[10X][110X, and [9Xfalse[109X if it is not.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  the  optional  second  argument is not provided, then the degree of [3XS[103X is
  used    by    default;   see   [2XDegreeOfTransformationSemigroup[102X   ([14XReference:
  DegreeOfTransformationSemigroup[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup([[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X Bipartition([[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X   [1, 2], [3, 6, -2], [4, 5, -3, -4], [-1, -6], [-5]]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X Bipartition([[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X   [1, -4], [2, 3, 4, 5], [6], [-1, -6], [-2, -3], [-5]])]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<bipartition semigroup of degree 6 with 2 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XAsSemigroup(IsTransformationSemigroup, S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<transformation semigroup of size 11, degree 12 with 2 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsTransitive(last);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xfalse[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsTransitive(AsSemigroup(Group((1, 2, 3))));[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.12-8 SmallestElementSemigroup[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XSmallestElementSemigroup[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XLargestElementSemigroup[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA transformation.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThese   attributes   return   the   smallest  and  largest  element  of  the
  transformation  semigroup  [3XS[103X, respectively. Smallest means the first element
  in the sorted set of elements of [3XS[103X and largest means the last element in the
  set of elements.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIt  is  not necessary to find the elements of the semigroup to determine the
  smallest  or  largest  element,  and  this  function has considerable better
  performance than the equivalent [10XElements([3XS[103X[10X)[1][110X and [10XElements([3XS[103X[10X)[Size([3XS[103X[10X)][110X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Monoid([127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([1, 4, 11, 11, 7, 2, 6, 2, 5, 5, 10]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XTransformation([2, 4, 4, 2, 10, 5, 11, 11, 11, 6, 7]));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<transformation monoid of degree 11 with 2 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSmallestElementSemigroup(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28XIdentityTransformation[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XLargestElementSemigroup(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28XTransformation( [ 11, 11, 10, 10, 7, 6, 5, 6, 2, 2, 4 ] )[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.12-9 CanonicalTransformation[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XCanonicalTransformation[102X( [3Xtrans[103X[, [3Xn[103X] ) [32X function[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA transformation.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  [3Xtrans[103X is a transformation, and [3Xn[103X is a non-negative integer such that the
  restriction  of [3Xtrans[103X to [9X[1 .. n][109X defines a transformation of [10X[1 .. n][110X, then
  [10XCanonicalTransformation[110X   returns   a   canonical   representative   of  the
  transformation [3Xtrans[103X restricted to [10X[1 .. n][110X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YMore  specifically,  let [10XC(n)[110X be a class of transformations of degree [3Xn[103X such
  that  [10XAsDigraph[110X  returns  isomorphic  digraphs  for  every  pair  of element
  elements  in  [10XC(n)[110X. Recall that for a transformation [3Xtrans[103X and integer [3Xn[103X the
  function [10XAsDigraph[110X returns a digraph with [3Xn[103X vertices and an edge with source
  [10Xx[110X  and  range  [10Xx^trans[110X  for  every  [10Xx[110X  in [10X[1 .. n][110X. See [2XAsDigraph[102X ([14XDigraphs:
  AsDigraph  for  a  binary  relation[114X). Then [10XCanonicalTransformation[110X returns a
  canonical representative of the class [10XC(n)[110X that contains [3Xtrans[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := Transformation([5, 1, 4, 1, 1]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28XTransformation( [ 5, 1, 4, 1, 1 ] )[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xy := Transformation([3, 3, 2, 3, 1]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28XTransformation( [ 3, 3, 2, 3, 1 ] )[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XCanonicalTransformation(x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28XTransformation( [ 3, 5, 2, 2, 2 ] )[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XCanonicalTransformation(y);[127X[104X
    [4X[28XTransformation( [ 3, 5, 2, 2, 2 ] )[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.12-10 IsConnectedTransformationSemigroup[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XIsConnectedTransformationSemigroup[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X property[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10Y[9Xtrue[109X or [9Xfalse[109X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YA  transformation  semigroup  [3XS[103X  is connected if the digraph returned by the
  function   [10XDigraphOfActionOnPoints[110X   is  connected.  See  [2XIsConnectedDigraph[102X
  ([14XDigraphs:  IsConnectedDigraph[114X)  and  [2XDigraphOfActionOnPoints[102X ([14X11.12-5[114X). The
  function  [10XIsConnectedTransformationSemigroup[110X returns [9Xtrue[109X if the semigroup [3XS[103X
  is connected and [9Xfalse[109X otherwise.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup([[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X Transformation([2, 4, 3, 4]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X Transformation([3, 3, 2, 3, 3])]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<transformation semigroup of degree 5 with 2 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsConnectedTransformationSemigroup(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  
  [1X11.13 [33X[0;0YAttributes of partial perm semigroups[133X[101X
  
  [1X11.13-1 ComponentRepsOfPartialPermSemigroup[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XComponentRepsOfPartialPermSemigroup[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YThe representatives of components of a partial perm semigroup.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis function returns the representatives of the components of the action of
  the  partial  perm  semigroup  [3XS[103X on the set of positive integers where it is
  defined.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe representatives are the least set of points such that every point can be
  reached from some representative under the action of [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup([[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 16, 19],[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X            [9, 18, 20, 11, 5, 16, 8, 19, 14, 13, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20],[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X            [13, 1, 8, 5, 4, 14, 11, 12, 9, 20, 2, 18, 7, 3, 19])]);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XComponentRepsOfPartialPermSemigroup(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 6, 10, 15, 17 ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.13-2 ComponentsOfPartialPermSemigroup[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XComponentsOfPartialPermSemigroup[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YThe components of a partial perm semigroup.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis  function  returns  the  components  of  the action of the partial perm
  semigroup  [3XS[103X  on  the  set  of  positive  integers  where it is defined; the
  components of [3XS[103X partition this set.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup([[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 16, 19],[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X            [9, 18, 20, 11, 5, 16, 8, 19, 14, 13, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20],[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X            [13, 1, 8, 5, 4, 14, 11, 12, 9, 20, 2, 18, 7, 3, 19])]);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XComponentsOfPartialPermSemigroup(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ 15 ], [ 17 ] ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.13-3 CyclesOfPartialPerm[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XCyclesOfPartialPerm[102X( [3Xx[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YThe cycles of a partial perm.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis  function  returns the cycles, or strongly connected components, of the
  action  of  the  partial  perm [3Xx[103X on the set of positive integers where it is
  defined.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := PartialPerm([3, 1, 4, 2, 5, 0, 0, 6, 0, 7]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[8,6][10,7](1,3,4,2)(5)[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XCyclesOfPartialPerm(x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ 5 ], [ 1, 3, 4, 2 ] ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.13-4 CyclesOfPartialPermSemigroup[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XCyclesOfPartialPermSemigroup[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YThe cycles of a partial perm semigroup.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis  function  returns the cycles, or strongly connected components, of the
  action of the partial perm semigroup [3XS[103X on the set of positive integers where
  it is defined.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Semigroup([[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 16, 19],[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X            [9, 18, 20, 11, 5, 16, 8, 19, 14, 13, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20],[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X            [13, 1, 8, 5, 4, 14, 11, 12, 9, 20, 2, 18, 7, 3, 19])]);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XCyclesOfPartialPermSemigroup(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ 18, 7, 16 ], [ 1, 9, 12, 14, 2, 20, 19, 3, 8, 11 ], [ 4, 5 ] ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  
  [1X11.14 [33X[0;0YAttributes of Rees (0-)matrix semigroups[133X[101X
  
  [1X11.14-1 RZMSDigraph[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XRZMSDigraph[102X( [3XR[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA digraph.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  [3XR[103X  is  an  [22Xn[122X  by  [22Xm[122X Rees 0-matrix semigroup [22XM^0[I, T, Λ; P][122X (so that [22XI =
  {1,2,...,n}[122X  and  [22XΛ  =  {1,2,...,m}[122X)  then  [10XRZMSDigraph[110X  returns a symmetric
  bipartite  digraph  with  [22Xn+m[122X  vertices.  An  index [22Xi ∈ I[122X corresponds to the
  vertex [22Xi[122X and an index [22Xj ∈ Λ[122X corresponds to the vertex [22Xj + n[122X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YTwo vertices [22Xv[122X and [22Xw[122X in [10XRZMSDigraph([110X[3XR[103X[10X)[110X are adjacent if and only if [22Xv∈ I[122X, [22Xw -
  n∈ Λ[122X, and [10XP[w - n][v][110X [22X≠ 0[122X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis digraph is commonly called the [13XGraham-Houghton graph[113X of [3XR[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XR := PrincipalFactor([127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XDClass(FullTransformationMonoid(5),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X       Transformation([2, 4, 1, 5, 5])));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<Rees 0-matrix semigroup 10x5 over Group([ (1,2,3,4), (1,2) ])>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xgr := RZMSDigraph(R);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<immutable bipartite digraph with bicomponent sizes 10 and 5>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xe := DigraphEdges(gr)[1];[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ 1, 11 ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMatrix(R)[e[2] - 10][e[1]] <> 0;[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.14-2 RZMSConnectedComponents[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XRZMSConnectedComponents[102X( [3XR[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YThe connected components of a Rees 0-matrix semigroup.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  [3XR[103X  is  an  [22Xn[122X  by  [22Xm[122X Rees 0-matrix semigroup [22XM^0[I, T, Λ; P][122X (so that [22XI =
  {1,2,...,n}[122X  and  [22XΛ  = {1,2,...,m}[122X) then [10XRZMSConnectedComponents[110X returns the
  connected components of [3XR[103X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[13XConnectedness[113X   is  an  equivalence  relation  on  the  indices  of  [3XR[103X:  the
  equivalence  classes  of the relation are called the [13Xconnected components[113X of
  [3XR[103X, and two indices in [22XI ∪ Λ[122X are connected if and only if their corresponding
  vertices  in  [10XRZMSDigraph([110X[3XR[103X[10X)[110X are connected (see [2XRZMSDigraph[102X ([14X11.14-1[114X)). If [3XR[103X
  has  [22Xn[122X connected components, then [10XRZMSConnectedComponents[110X will return a list
  of pairs:[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10X[ [ [110X[22XI_1, Λ_1[122X[10X ], [110X[22X...[122X[10X, [ [110X[22XI_k, Λ_k[122X[10X ] ][110X[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Ywhere  [22XI  = I_1 ⊔ ⋯ ⊔ I_k[122X, [22XΛ = Λ_1 ⊔ ⋯ ⊔ Λ_k[122X, and for each [22Xl[122X the set [22XI_l∪Λ_l[122X
  is  a  connected  component  of  [3XR[103X.  Note that at most one of [22XI_l[122X and [22XΛ_l[122X is
  possibly  empty.  The  ordering of the connected components in the result in
  unspecified.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XR := ReesZeroMatrixSemigroup(SymmetricGroup(5),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X[[(), 0, (1, 3), (4, 5), 0],[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X [0, (), 0, 0, (1, 3, 4, 5)],[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X [0, 0, (1, 5)(2, 3), 0, 0],[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X [0, (2, 3)(1, 4), 0, 0, 0]]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<Rees 0-matrix semigroup 5x4 over Sym( [ 1 .. 5 ] )>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XRZMSConnectedComponents(R);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ [ 1, 3, 4 ], [ 1, 3 ] ], [ [ 2, 5 ], [ 2, 4 ] ] ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  
  [1X11.15 [33X[0;0YAttributes of inverse semigroups[133X[101X
  
  [1X11.15-1 NaturalLeqInverseSemigroup[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNaturalLeqInverseSemigroup[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YAn function.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XNaturalLeqInverseSemigroup[110X  returns a function that, when given two elements
  [10Xx,  y[110X of the inverse semigroup [3XS[103X, returns [9Xtrue[109X if [10Xx[110X is less than or equal to
  [10Xy[110X in the natural partial order on [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := Monoid(Transformation([1, 3, 4, 4]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X               Transformation([1, 4, 2, 4]));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<transformation monoid of degree 4 with 2 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsInverseSemigroup(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSize(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X6[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNaturalPartialOrder(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ 2, 5, 6 ], [ 6 ], [ 6 ], [ 6 ], [ 6 ], [  ] ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.15-2 JoinIrreducibleDClasses[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XJoinIrreducibleDClasses[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA list of [13XD[113X-classes.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XJoinIrreducibleDClasses[110X  returns a list of the join irreducible [13XD[113X-classes of
  the  inverse  semigroup of partial permutations, block bijections or partial
  permutation bipartitions [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YA  [13Xjoin  irreducible  [13XD[113X-class[113X  is a [13XD[113X-class containing only join irreducible
  elements.  See  [2XIsJoinIrreducible[102X  ([14X12.2-7[114X).  If a [13XD[113X-class contains one join
  irreducible  element,  then  all  of  the  elements  in the [13XD[113X-class are join
  irreducible.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := SymmetricInverseSemigroup(3);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<symmetric inverse monoid of degree 3>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XJoinIrreducibleDClasses(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <Green's D-class: <identity partial perm on [ 2 ]>> ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XT := InverseSemigroup([[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X  PartialPerm([1, 2, 4, 3]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X  PartialPerm([1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X  PartialPerm([0, 2])]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<inverse partial perm semigroup of rank 4 with 3 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XJoinIrreducibleDClasses(T);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <Green's D-class: <identity partial perm on [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]>>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <Green's D-class: <identity partial perm on [ 1 ]>>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <Green's D-class: <identity partial perm on [ 2 ]>> ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XD := DualSymmetricInverseSemigroup(3);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<inverse block bijection monoid of degree 3 with 3 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XJoinIrreducibleDClasses(D);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <Green's D-class: <block bijection: [ 1, 2, -1, -2 ], [ 3, -3 ]>> ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.15-3 MajorantClosure[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XMajorantClosure[102X( [3XS[103X, [3XT[103X ) [32X operation[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA majorantly closed list of elements.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XMajorantClosure[110X  returns  a majorantly closed subset of an inverse semigroup
  of   partial   permutations,   block   bijections   or  partial  permutation
  bipartitions, [3XS[103X, as a list. See [2XIsMajorantlyClosed[102X ([14X12.2-8[114X).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe result contains all elements of [3XS[103X which are greater than or equal to any
  element    of    [3XT[103X    (with   respect   to   the   natural   partial   order
  [2XNaturalLeqPartialPerm[102X  ([14XReference:  NaturalLeqPartialPerm[114X)).  In particular,
  the result is a superset of [3XT[103X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YNote that [3XT[103X can be a subset of [3XS[103X or a subsemigroup of [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := SymmetricInverseSemigroup(4);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<symmetric inverse monoid of degree 4>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XT := [PartialPerm([1, 0, 3, 0])];[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <identity partial perm on [ 1, 3 ]> ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XU := MajorantClosure(S, T);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <identity partial perm on [ 1, 3 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <identity partial perm on [ 1, 2, 3 ]>, [2,4](1)(3), [4,2](1)(3),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <identity partial perm on [ 1, 3, 4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <identity partial perm on [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]>, (1)(2,4)(3) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XB := InverseSemigroup([[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X Bipartition([[1, -2], [2, -1], [3, -3], [4, 5, -4, -5]]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X Bipartition([[1, -3], [2, -4], [3, -2], [4, -1], [5, -5]])]);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XT := [Bipartition([[1, -2], [2, 3, 5, -1, -3, -5], [4, -4]]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X Bipartition([[1, -4], [2, 3, 5, -1, -3, -5], [4, -2]])];;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsMajorantlyClosed(B, T);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xfalse[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMajorantClosure(B, T);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <block bijection: [ 1, -2 ], [ 2, 3, 5, -1, -3, -5 ], [ 4, -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <block bijection: [ 1, -4 ], [ 2, 3, 5, -1, -3, -5 ], [ 4, -2 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <block bijection: [ 1, -2 ], [ 2, 5, -1, -5 ], [ 3, -3 ], [ 4, -4 ]>[128X[104X
    [4X[28X    , <block bijection: [ 1, -2 ], [ 2, -1 ], [ 3, 5, -3, -5 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X     [ 4, -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <block bijection: [ 1, -4 ], [ 2, 5, -3, -5 ], [ 3, -1 ], [ 4, -2 ]>[128X[104X
    [4X[28X    , <block bijection: [ 1, -4 ], [ 2, -3 ], [ 3, 5, -1, -5 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X     [ 4, -2 ]>, <block bijection: [ 1, -4 ], [ 2, -3 ], [ 3, -1 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X     [ 4, -2 ], [ 5, -5 ]> ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsMajorantlyClosed(B, last);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.15-4 Minorants[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XMinorants[102X( [3XS[103X, [3Xf[103X ) [32X operation[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA list of elements.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XMinorants[110X   takes  an  element  [3Xf[103X  from  an  inverse  semigroup  of  partial
  permutations,  block  bijections  or partial permutation bipartitions [3XS[103X, and
  returns a list of the minorants of [3Xf[103X in [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YA  [13Xminorant[113X  of  [3Xf[103X  is  an element of [3XS[103X which is strictly less than [3Xf[103X in the
  natural   partial   order   of   [3XS[103X.  See  [2XNaturalLeqPartialPerm[102X  ([14XReference:
  NaturalLeqPartialPerm[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := SymmetricInverseSemigroup(3);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<symmetric inverse monoid of degree 3>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := Elements(S)[13];[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[1,3](2)[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMinorants(S, x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <empty partial perm>, [1,3], <identity partial perm on [ 2 ]> ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := PartialPerm([3, 2, 4, 0]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[1,3,4](2)[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := InverseSemigroup(x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<inverse partial perm semigroup of rank 4 with 1 generator>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMinorants(S, x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <identity partial perm on [ 2 ]>, [1,3](2), [3,4](2) ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.15-5 PrimitiveIdempotents[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XPrimitiveIdempotents[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA list of elements.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YAn  idempotent  in an inverse semigroup [3XS[103X is [13Xprimitive[113X if it is non-zero and
  minimal    with    respect    to    the    [2XNaturalPartialOrder[102X   ([14XReference:
  NaturalPartialOrder[114X)   on   [3XS[103X.  [10XPrimitiveIdempotents[110X  returns  the  list  of
  primitive idempotents in the inverse semigroup [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := InverseMonoid([127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([1], [4]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([1, 2, 3], [2, 1, 3]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([1, 2, 3], [3, 1, 2]));;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XMultiplicativeZero(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<empty partial perm>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSet(PrimitiveIdempotents(S));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <identity partial perm on [ 1 ]>, <identity partial perm on [ 2 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <identity partial perm on [ 3 ]>, <identity partial perm on [ 4 ]> ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := DualSymmetricInverseMonoid(4);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<inverse block bijection monoid of degree 4 with 3 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSet(PrimitiveIdempotents(S));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <block bijection: [ 1, 2, 3, -1, -2, -3 ], [ 4, -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <block bijection: [ 1, 2, 4, -1, -2, -4 ], [ 3, -3 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <block bijection: [ 1, 2, -1, -2 ], [ 3, 4, -3, -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <block bijection: [ 1, 3, 4, -1, -3, -4 ], [ 2, -2 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <block bijection: [ 1, 3, -1, -3 ], [ 2, 4, -2, -4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <block bijection: [ 1, 4, -1, -4 ], [ 2, 3, -2, -3 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <block bijection: [ 1, -1 ], [ 2, 3, 4, -2, -3, -4 ]> ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.15-6 RightCosetsOfInverseSemigroup[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XRightCosetsOfInverseSemigroup[102X( [3XS[103X, [3XT[103X ) [32X operation[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA list of lists of elements.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XRightCosetsOfInverseSemigroup[110X takes a majorantly closed inverse subsemigroup
  [3XT[103X  of  an  inverse  semigroup  of  partial permutations, block bijections or
  partial  permutation  bipartitions  [3XS[103X.  See [2XIsMajorantlyClosed[102X ([14X12.2-8[114X). The
  result is a list of the right cosets of [3XT[103X in [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YFor  [22Xs  ∈ S[122X, the right coset [22XoverlineTs[122X is defined if and only if [22Xss^-1 ∈ T[122X,
  in  which  case  it is defined to be the majorant closure of the set [22XTs[122X. See
  [2XMajorantClosure[102X   ([14X11.15-3[114X).   Distinct  cosets  are  disjoint  but  do  not
  necessarily partition [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := SymmetricInverseSemigroup(3);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<symmetric inverse monoid of degree 3>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XT := InverseSemigroup(MajorantClosure(S, [PartialPerm([1])]));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<inverse partial perm monoid of rank 3 with 6 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsMajorantlyClosed(S, T);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XRC := RightCosetsOfInverseSemigroup(S, T);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ <identity partial perm on [ 1 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      <identity partial perm on [ 1, 2 ]>, [2,3](1), [3,2](1),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      <identity partial perm on [ 1, 3 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      <identity partial perm on [ 1, 2, 3 ]>, (1)(2,3) ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ [1,3], [2,1,3], [1,3](2), (1,3), [1,3,2], (1,3,2), (1,3)(2) ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ [1,2], (1,2), [1,2,3], [3,1,2], [1,2](3), (1,2)(3), (1,2,3) ] ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.15-7 SameMinorantsSubgroup[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XSameMinorantsSubgroup[102X( [3XH[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA list of elements of the group [13XH[113X-class [3XH[103X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YGiven  a  group  [13XH[113X-class  [3XH[103X in an inverse semigroup of partial permutations,
  block     bijections     or     partial    permutation    bipartitions    [10XS[110X,
  [10XSameMinorantsSubgroup[110X  returns  a  list  of the elements of [3XH[103X which have the
  same  strict  minorants as the identity element of [3XH[103X. A [13Xstrict minorant[113X of [10Xx[110X
  in  [3XH[103X  is  an element of [10XS[110X which is less than [10Xx[110X (with respect to the natural
  partial order), but is not equal to [10Xx[110X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe returned list of elements of [3XH[103X describe a subgroup of [3XH[103X.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := SymmetricInverseSemigroup(3);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<symmetric inverse monoid of degree 3>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XH := GroupHClass(DClass(S, PartialPerm([1, 2, 3])));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<Green's H-class: <identity partial perm on [ 1, 2, 3 ]>>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XElements(H);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <identity partial perm on [ 1, 2, 3 ]>, (1)(2,3), (1,2)(3),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  (1,2,3), (1,3,2), (1,3)(2) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSameMinorantsSubgroup(H);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <identity partial perm on [ 1, 2, 3 ]> ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XT := InverseSemigroup([127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([1, 2, 3, 4], [1, 2, 4, 3]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPerm([1], [1]), PartialPerm([2], [2]));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<inverse partial perm semigroup of rank 4 with 3 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XElements(T);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <empty partial perm>, <identity partial perm on [ 1 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <identity partial perm on [ 2 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  <identity partial perm on [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]>, (1)(2)(3,4) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xx := GroupHClass(DClass(T, PartialPerm([1, 2, 3, 4])));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<Green's H-class: <identity partial perm on [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]>>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XElements(x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <identity partial perm on [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]>, (1)(2)(3,4) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XAsSet(SameMinorantsSubgroup(x));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <identity partial perm on [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]>, (1)(2)(3,4) ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.15-8 SmallerDegreePartialPermRepresentation[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XSmallerDegreePartialPermRepresentation[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YAn isomorphism.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XSmallerDegreePartialPermRepresentation[110X  attempts to find an isomorphism from
  the inverse semigroup [3XS[103X to an inverse semigroup of partial permutations with
  small  degree.  If  [3XS[103X  is  already  a partial permutation semigroup, and the
  function cannot reduce the degree, the identity mapping is returned.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThere  is  no  guarantee that the smallest possible degree representation is
  returned. For more information see [Sch92].[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := InverseSemigroup(PartialPerm([2, 1, 4, 3, 6, 5, 8, 7]));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<partial perm group of rank 8 with 1 generator>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XElements(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <identity partial perm on [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  (1,2)(3,4)(5,6)(7,8) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xiso := SmallerDegreePartialPermRepresentation(S);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSource(iso) = S;[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XR := Range(iso);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<partial perm group of rank 2 with 1 generator>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XElements(R);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ <identity partial perm on [ 1, 2 ]>, (1,2) ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := DualSymmetricInverseMonoid(5);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XT := Range(IsomorphismPartialPermSemigroup(S));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<inverse partial perm monoid of size 6721, rank 6721 with 3[128X[104X
    [4X[28X generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSmallerDegreePartialPermRepresentation(T);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<inverse partial perm monoid of size 6721, rank 6721 with 3[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  generators> -> <inverse partial perm monoid of rank 30 with 3[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  generators>[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.15-9 VagnerPrestonRepresentation[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XVagnerPrestonRepresentation[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YAn isomorphism to an inverse semigroup of partial permutations.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XVagnerPrestonRepresentation[110X returns an isomorphism from an inverse semigroup
  [3XS[103X  where  the  elements  of [3XS[103X have a unique semigroup inverse accessible via
  [2XInverse[102X   ([14XReference:   Inverse[114X),   to  the  inverse  semigroup  of  partial
  permutations [3XT[103X of degree equal to the size of [3XS[103X, which is obtained using the
  Vagner-Preston Representation Theorem.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YMore    precisely,   if   [22Xf:S->   T[122X   is   the   isomorphism   returned   by
  [10XVagnerPrestonRepresentation([3XS[103X[10X)[110X  and  [22Xx[122X  is  in  [3XS[103X,  then [22Xf(x)[122X is the partial
  permutation  with  domain  [22XSx^-1[122X  and  range  [22XSx^-1x[122X defined by [22Xf(x): sx^-1↦
  sx^-1x[122X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIn  many  cases, it is possible to find a smaller degree representation than
  that        provided        by       [10XVagnerPrestonRepresentation[110X       using
  [2XIsomorphismPartialPermSemigroup[102X ([14XReference: IsomorphismPartialPermSemigroup[114X)
  or [2XSmallerDegreePartialPermRepresentation[102X ([14X11.15-8[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := SymmetricInverseSemigroup(2);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<symmetric inverse monoid of degree 2>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSize(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X7[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xiso := VagnerPrestonRepresentation(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<symmetric inverse monoid of degree 2> ->[128X[104X
    [4X[28X<inverse partial perm monoid of rank 7 with 2 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XRespectsMultiplication(iso);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xinv := InverseGeneralMapping(iso);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XForAll(S, x -> (x ^ iso) ^ inv = x);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XV := InverseSemigroup([127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XBipartition([[1, -4], [2, -1], [3, -5], [4], [5], [-2], [-3]]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XBipartition([[1, -5], [2, -1], [3, -3], [4], [5], [-2], [-4]]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XBipartition([[1, -2], [2, -4], [3, -5], [4, -1], [5, -3]]));[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<inverse bipartition semigroup of degree 5 with 3 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsInverseSemigroup(V);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XVagnerPrestonRepresentation(V);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<inverse bipartition semigroup of size 394, degree 5 with 3[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  generators> -> <inverse partial perm semigroup of rank 394 with 5[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  generators>[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.15-10 CharacterTableOfInverseSemigroup[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XCharacterTableOfInverseSemigroup[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YThe  character  table  of  the  inverse  semigroup [3XS[103X and a list of
            conjugacy class representatives of [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YReturns  a  list with two entries: the first entry being the character table
  of  the inverse semigroup [3XS[103X as a matrix, while the second entry is a list of
  conjugacy class representatives of [3XS[103X.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  order of the columns in the character table matrix follows the order of
  the  conjugacy class representatives list. The conjugacy representatives are
  grouped by [13XD[113X-class and then sorted by rank. Also, as is typical of character
  tables,  the rows of the matrix correspond to the irreducible characters and
  the columns correspond to the conjugacy classes.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThis function was contributed by Jhevon Smith and Ben Steinberg.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := InverseMonoid([[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X  PartialPerm([1, 2], [3, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X PartialPerm([1, 2, 3], [1, 3, 4]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X PartialPerm([1, 2, 3], [2, 4, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27X PartialPerm([1, 3, 4], [3, 4, 1])]);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XCharacterTableOfInverseSemigroup(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ [ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ], [ 3, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      [ 3, 1, E(3), E(3)^2, 0, 0, 0, 0 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      [ 3, 1, E(3)^2, E(3), 0, 0, 0, 0 ], [ 6, 3, 0, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      [ 6, 3, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0 ], [ 4, 3, 0, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ <identity partial perm on [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]>,[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      <identity partial perm on [ 1, 3, 4 ]>, (1,3,4), (1,4,3),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      <identity partial perm on [ 1, 3 ]>, (1,3),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      <identity partial perm on [ 3 ]>, <empty partial perm> ] ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := SymmetricInverseMonoid(4);;[127X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XCharacterTableOfInverseSemigroup(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [ [ 1, -1, 1, 1, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      [ 3, -1, 0, -1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      [ 2, 0, -1, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      [ 3, 1, 0, -1, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      [ 4, -2, 1, 0, 0, 1, -1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      [ 8, 0, -1, 0, 0, 2, 0, -1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      [ 4, 2, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      [ 6, 0, 0, -2, 0, 3, -1, 0, 1, -1, 0, 0 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      [ 6, 2, 0, 2, 0, 3, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      [ 4, 2, 1, 0, 0, 3, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      [ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 ] ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ <identity partial perm on [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ]>, (1)(2)(3,4),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      (1)(2,3,4), (1,2)(3,4), (1,2,3,4),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      <identity partial perm on [ 1, 2, 3 ]>, (1)(2,3), (1,2,3),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      <identity partial perm on [ 2, 3 ]>, (2,3),[128X[104X
    [4X[28X      <identity partial perm on [ 1 ]>, <empty partial perm> ] ][128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.15-11 EUnitaryInverseCover[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XEUnitaryInverseCover[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA homomorphism between semigroups.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YIf  the  argument  [3XS[103X  is  an  inverse semigroup then this function returns a
  finite  E-unitary  inverse  cover  of  [3XS[103X. A finite E-unitary cover of [3XS[103X is a
  surjective  idempotent  separating  homomorphism  from  a  finite  semigroup
  satisfying   [2XIsEUnitaryInverseSemigroup[102X   ([14X12.2-3[114X)   to   [3XS[103X.   A   semigroup
  homomorphism  is  said to be idempotent separating if no two idempotents are
  mapped to the same element of the image.[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := InverseSemigroup([PartialPermNC([1, 2], [2, 1]),[127X[104X
    [4X[25X>[125X [27XPartialPermNC([1], [1])]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<inverse partial perm semigroup of rank 2 with 2 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27Xcov := EUnitaryInverseCover(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<inverse partial perm semigroup of rank 4 with 2 generators> ->[128X[104X
    [4X[28X<inverse partial perm semigroup of rank 2 with 2 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsEUnitaryInverseSemigroup(Source(cov));[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS = Range(cov);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  
  [1X11.16 [33X[0;0YNambooripad partial order[133X[101X
  
  [1X11.16-1 NambooripadLeqRegularSemigroup[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNambooripadLeqRegularSemigroup[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YA function.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XNambooripadLeqRegularSemigroup[110X  returns  a  function  that,  when  given two
  elements  [10Xx, y[110X of the regular semigroup [3XS[103X, returns [9Xtrue[109X if [10Xx[110X is less than or
  equal   to   [10Xy[110X   in   the   Nambooripad   partial   order  on  [3XS[103X.  See  also
  [2XNambooripadPartialOrder[102X ([14X11.16-2[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := BrauerMonoid(3);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<regular bipartition *-monoid of degree 3 with 3 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsRegularSemigroup(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSize(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X15[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNambooripadPartialOrder(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [  ], [  ], [  ], [  ], [  ], [  ], [  ], [  ], [  ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ], [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ], [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ], [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ] ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNambooripadLeqRegularSemigroup(S)(Elements(S)[3], Elements(S)[9]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xfalse[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNambooripadLeqRegularSemigroup(S)(Elements(S)[2], Elements(S)[15]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
  [1X11.16-2 NambooripadPartialOrder[101X
  
  [33X[1;0Y[29X[2XNambooripadPartialOrder[102X( [3XS[103X ) [32X attribute[133X
  [6XReturns:[106X  [33X[0;10YThe Nambooripad partial order on a regular semigroup.[133X
  
  [33X[0;0YThe  [13XNambooripad  partial order[113X [22X≤[122X on a regular semigroup [3XS[103X is defined by [10Xs[110X[22X≤[122X[10Xt[110X
  if  the  principal  right  ideal  of  [10XS[110X  generated  by [10Xs[110X is contained in the
  principal  right  ideal  of [10XS[110X generated by [10Xt[110X and there is an idempotent [10Xe[110X in
  the  [13XR[113X-class  of  [10Xs[110X  such that [10Xs[110X[22X=[122X[10Xet[110X. The Nambooripad partial order coincides
  with   the   natural  partial  order  when  considering  inverse  semigroups
  [2XNaturalPartialOrder[102X ([14XReference: NaturalPartialOrder[114X).[133X
  
  [33X[0;0Y[10XNambooripadPartialOrder[110X returns the Nambooripad partial order on the regular
  semigroup  [3XS[103X  as  a  list  of  sets  of  positive  integers where entry [10Xi[110X in
  [10XNambooripadPartialOrder([3XS[103X[10X)[110X  is  the  set  of  positions  in  [10XElements([3XS[103X[10X)[110X  of
  elements     which     are    less    than    [10XElements([3XS[103X[10X)[i][110X.    See    also
  [2XNambooripadLeqRegularSemigroup[102X ([14X11.16-1[114X).[133X
  
  [4X[32X  Example  [32X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XS := BrauerMonoid(3);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X<regular bipartition *-monoid of degree 3 with 3 generators>[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XIsRegularSemigroup(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XSize(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X15[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNambooripadPartialOrder(S);[127X[104X
    [4X[28X[ [  ], [  ], [  ], [  ], [  ], [  ], [  ], [  ], [  ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ], [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ], [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ],[128X[104X
    [4X[28X  [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ], [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 ] ][128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNambooripadLeqRegularSemigroup(S)(Elements(S)[3], Elements(S)[9]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xfalse[128X[104X
    [4X[25Xgap>[125X [27XNambooripadLeqRegularSemigroup(S)(Elements(S)[2], Elements(S)[15]);[127X[104X
    [4X[28Xtrue[128X[104X
  [4X[32X[104X
  
